Leaving The Eu Essay - 774 Words

On June 24, 2016, a referendum was passed that resulted in Great Britain’s withdrawal from the European Union. The decision to exit the EU was a controversial and has significantly affected current social, political, and economic constructs on a local and global scale. Given the importance of this decision, one would expect in depth, professional media coverage; however, this would not be the case from the UK news company, Daily Mail. Following a meeting between the First Minister of Scotland and the British Prime Minister, both of whom are females, the Daily Mail ran a cover titled, â€Å"Never mind Brexit, who won Legs-it!†. Next to the title was a picture of the two diplomats sitting next to each other during their meeting, both dressed in†¦show more content†¦The media response that bombardment of Daily Mail, however appropriate and necessary it was, distracted citizens from the real political conversation that should have taken place following the meeting. Daily Mail not only diverted the public’s attention away from topics that concern their own interest, but simultaneously insulted Nicola Sturgeon and Theresa May. The Daily Mail did not portray the two women as respected dignitaries, or intellectual leaders. Instead, they defined the two women by the lower halves of their bodies, and told the public to ignore the women’s conversation. By doing so, the Daily Mail blatantly objectified Nicola Sturgeon and Theresa May, stripping away their right to speak on important topics. Nicola Sturgeon responded to the publications by stating that the Daily Mail was â€Å"taking Britain back to the 1970’s†. Nicola Sturgeon’s position has First Minister of Scotland exemplifies how effective feminist movements in the past have been, yet the Daily Mails actions and her comment illustrates how necessary feminist movements still are today. The dismissal of the women’s political conversation is similar to the dismissal that the women in Trifles, a play written by Susan Glaspell in the early 20th century, experienced. During the play, the men are attempting to solve a murder case, and value their wives’ help very little, and often demean the women’s conversations withoutShow MoreRelatedShort Essay On Leaving The EU764 Words   |  4 Pages Czech Republic was very optimistic. Optimistic in the hopes myself and the other nations within the European Union, would be able to successfully go through the pressing issues, and hopefully resolve some of them. However, leaving at the end of class I realized, that the EU was going to need some more time. Going into the debates on the second day I was still optimistic that something would get done. Again however that was not the case. Numerous talks were addressed but nothing finalized. LeadingRead MoreWhy The Eu Is The Right Thing?1296 Words   |  6 PagesEuropean Union or leave it. 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Since its creation, peace has been maintained and outbreak of a war has been prevented. The Lisbon Treaty came into effect in 2009 and wasRead MoreBritains Economic Consequences Of The British Exit From The European Union1595 Words   |  7 Pagesfew years, the probability that Britain may leave the EU has grown. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom David Cameron announced a referendum concerning British membership in the EU to be held on June 23. Essentially not all the changes, which may occur, can b e reduced to the question of money, since the problem has a strong political context. Still, this essay is mainly focused on economic aspects of the possible exit. Many experts regard the EU membership as generally beneficial for the UK; stillRead MoreThe Uk Should Leave The European Union1593 Words   |  7 Pages Identify and analyse the major issues that divide those in favour of the Britain’s leaving the European Union and those who oppose it. Who do you expect to be the major gainers and losers? Be sure to explain why you see them as gaining or losing, using economic reasoning. You should suggest which of these gains and losses you think are likely to be most important. Throughout this essay I am going to be exploring the current issues surrounding the decision of whether or not theRead MoreLithuania Case Study1298 Words   |  6 Pageswhich has caused the EU trouble. The current issues of the EU are ones which have forced the EU to bend, but not completely break. The issues of Brexit and the current human rights violations in Hungary are two current issues which have caused alarm across all 28 member states. Lithuania, a relatively small Baltic nation, has been a stable member state since its inception to the EU in 2004. Lithuania, along with the other Baltic States, has consistently treated to make the EU an institution of equalityRead MoreIntroduction. 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This essay will argue that although Scotland will benefit from a potentially better fiscal position, this is not a sufficient premise for Scotland’sRead MoreEuropean Union : A Political And Economics Organization891 Words   |  4 PagesUK joined to EU 1 January 1973 with Denmark and Ireland.EU provides freedom movement of people services capital with standart legislation for member countries.All of these standarts could lead to opportunities such as,free movement.competitive trading(www.europa.eu-official website of EU).According to the official website ‘The EU’s economy measured in terms of goods and services(GDP:Gross Domestic Product) is now bigger than US’s:EU GDP in 2012 (i.b.i.d).All of positive features of EU,neverthelessRead MoreThe Impact Of Brexit And Some Solutions Resolve These Issues1024 Words   |  5 PagesNegative impact of Brexit and some solutions resolve these issues Brexit is the name of the process of Britain leaving the European Union, which is the primary concern of the modern global political situation. 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Annotated Bibliography of Articles Related to Oral Feeding...

McGrath, J. (2004). State of the science: Feeding readiness in the preterm infant. Journal of Perinatal Neonatal Nursing, 18(4), 353-368. This article talks about the readiness of feeding in preterm infants and how families can be prepared for early discharge of these infants from hospitals if proper cue based feeding is done. Puckett, B., Grover, V., Sankaran, K., Holt, T. (2008). Cue-based feeding for preterm infants: a prospective trial. 25(10 ), 623-628. This article investigates on whether cue based feeding helps in the early discharge of preterm babies and how it is beneficial and helps in weight gain in relation to traditional feeding regimens. King, J., Alder, S., Kirk, A. (2007). Cue-based oral feeding clinical pathway results in earlier attainment of full oral feeding in premature infants. Journal of Perinatology, 572-578. This article is a study on the development of oral feeding in preterm infants and concludes that a benefit of cue based feeding is that it helps attain full oral feeding in pre mature babies. Thoyre, S., Shaker, C., Pridham, K. (2005). The early feeding skills assessment for preterm infants. Neonatal Network, 24(3), 7-16. This article describes the measurement of feeding skills of pre terms and how cue based feeding facilitates oral feeding skill development. McCain, G. (2005). Behavioural responses of preterm infants to a standard-care and semi- Demand feeding protocol. This article deals with the benefits of cue

Oscar Wilds Personality In Different Characters English Literature Essay Free Essays

The Reflections of Oscar Wild ‘s Personality in Different Fictional characters: Oscar Wild as a individual drew a great trade of attending with his decisive assessments of the society and aestheticism. As an writer, Wild has written assorted dramas, such as Salome, An Ideal Husband, and The Sphinx among others. However, in his full calling as an writer, Wilde published merely a individual novel The Picture of Dorain Gray and used it to exemplify his ain personality. We will write a custom essay sample on Oscar Wilds Personality In Different Characters English Literature Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The novel has been labeled a book of love, pleasance, orgy, corruptness of artlessness and above all insanity. The novel is based on Dorain Gray as the chief character ; it revolves around his psyche, the reverberations of his picks, and his ultimate and ill-timed decease. Wilde was a talented aesthete, overpoweringly affected by beauty and inconspicuously subscribed to flamboyant dressing and criterions of life ( Ellman, 136 ) . The subjects in the novel incited intense indignation from several modern-day referees. Wilde ‘s response to the unfavorable judgment was that all work forces saw their ain wickednesss in Dorain Gray. Alongside the chief Dorain Gray, there are other chief characters Basil Hallward and Lord Henry who are used in portraying the writer ‘s character. The two characters are utile in exposing the writer ‘s love for beauty and juvenility ( Mantoine, 101 ) . Based on the brilliant creative person ‘s picture of a handsome and vernal Dorain Gray by Basil Hallward ; Gray finds peace of bosom from the vernal artlessness in the picture. However, Gray ‘s peace is shattered when he realizes that the beauty and juvenility in the picture is merely an semblance. The picture will merely go a jeer of his vernal old ages one time his face is adorned with old-age furrows. Dorain wish is that the picture could acquire older instead than him acquiring older. Though Dorain has the visual aspect of an angel, his psyche is every bit corrupted as the Satan. This portrays Dorain ‘s corrupt character ; the seeable character of his aging self tortures him infinitely. In his way to happen peace, Dorain is determined to seek anything that will do him keep his juvenility maintained by the picture. Wilde ‘s inspirations in composing the novel are derived from assorted facets of his ain life and the corrupted infatuations of the society at the clip. The brassy Lord Henry Wotton strongly believes that human energies should be straight channeled towards prosecuting beauty and fulfilment of the senses. This is a position that is similar to a position held by Wilde on the esteem of aesthetics. In a command to keep onto his juvenility, Dorain trades his psyche, and his life style is characterized by corrupt actions. In his full life, immoral actions are portrayed through defects on the portrayal. Dorain losingss control of his psyche and engage in wickedness freely yet on the sly. He is guided by the deficiency of sense of what is right or incorrect. He commits a sequence of wickednesss that lead to the blotching of the portrayal. Without any compunction, Dorain drives his bride to perpetrate self-destruction. The corruptness of the psyche is besides impelled by the assorted wickednesss that are undertaken with opium and courtesans. At this point, Dorain is overwhelmed by choler and hatred for Basil and resorts to put to deathing him by assailing to decease. The cadaver is disposed off by runing it with chemicals that had been borrowed from Calan Campbell. Campbell is overcome by compunction and ends up perpetrating self-destruction ( Mantoine 200 ) . Dorain embarks on a reformation procedure ; he aims at altering his psyche for the better and bettering the portrayal ‘s image. He inputs legion attempts, but when they bear no fruit, he is overwhelmed by fury and ends up knifing the portrayal and seemingly killing himself. In his reappraisal of the novel, Lawler observes that it is filled with homoerotic cases ( Lawler 105 ) . This is declarative of Wilde ‘s helter-skelter and exuberant life style ; it reflects Wilde ‘s personality. The esteem of the aesthetic signifiers and attachment to beliefs and executing of the same beliefs portrays the grade of resemblance between Wilde and the fictional characters in the novel. Basil achieves his artistic art through Dorain ‘s portrayal. Unfortunately, the picture consequences in Dorain ‘s decease after he figuratively stabs the portrayal. The caput the produced the artistic portrayal is stabbed merely as Wilde ‘s aspiration for beauty that consequence in his ruin. Wilde ‘s personality is besides replicated by Lord Henry Wotton who is portrayed as a baronial adult male and a friend to Basil. Interestingly, nevertheless, Lord Dorain is attracted to Dorain ; this could connote the relationship between Wilde and Lord Alfred Doug las. Lord Henry conveys his universe position to Dorain, explicating the importance of beauty and satisfying one ‘s senses. This ends up perverting Dorain and is comparable to the actions that resulted to Wilde ‘s promiscuousness every bit good as his homosexual activities. Wilde ‘s longing for sexual satisfaction is portrayed by his relationship with Lord Douglas, this consequence in Wilde ‘s calumny and eventual down autumn. In decision, Oscar Wilde like an expert foretold his ain life through the novel. In the good constructed characters, the writer highlights his beliefs and foretells his tragic terminal. However, it is in Dorain where Wilde ‘s poetic expertness is portrayed. His ill fame was and can ne’er be compared to any other so as his humor and manner. His imaginativeness and creativeness in composing lives on ; he was so gifted and passionate about his work and he impacted on other theoretical creative persons more so after his decease. How to cite Oscar Wilds Personality In Different Characters English Literature Essay, Essay examples

Australian Economy

Questions: (a) Explain whether there is a relationship between inflation and unemployment. Should government interfere and reduce inflation and unemployment? Provide real life examples. (b)Using your home country as a case study outline and analyse inflation, unemployment and growth trends. Identify what range of the aggregate supply curve your country is operating in. (c)Explain how monetary policy can influence an economy, including the exchange rate and employment levels. Answers: A: Relationship between inflation and unemployment. Government Interference in reducing inflation and unemployment and examples: i. Relation between inflation and unemployment: Inflation stands for the rise in prices of various goods and commodities due to various factors such as increased in money supply, rising demand for goods and decreasing supply of good. This way inflations results in increase price level of goods making them dearer. Unemployment means the decrease in opportunities to earn money at the existing wage rate. This way unemployment results in declining jobs and decreasing wage rates(Atkinson Miller, 1998). The relation between inflation and unemployment as per the Philip curve is negative. That is with the rise in unemployment there is substantial fall in inflation and vice versa. This means that when people are offered jobs, they get disposable income in their hands for regular requirements. With the promotions the disposable income raises leading to more expenditure. However there may exist diminishing marginal returns to utility as the person may be earning good income earlier. The result is that people have more money in their hands and they spend extravagantly. The outcome is price hikes leading to inflation. With more employment opportunities and more disposable income available, people tend to spend more leading to inflationary effects that comes into action. This way rise in demand at present supply level leads to rise in prices causing inflation(Atkinson et al., 1998). On the other hand if their exist less disposable income with the people due to low wage rate and increased unemployment, the prices of goods will also fall down. That is decrease in demand at present supply level will result in price decline. This way unemployment leads to decreasing money movement in the market. Savings are less and people spend mostly on necessities. Result is decline in demand and therefore the inflationary affects also face a setback(Begg Ward, 2003). ii. Government interference: Government interference stands for controlling business activities. That is government makes efforts through directions and regulations to control the free market conditions, business participation and regular business activities to control economic conditions of the country. The main motive is to work for the welfare of the people. The government interference is however argued to be restricted as they may cause various problems to the economy and businesses(Atkinson Miller, 1998). Government expenditures may be made on inefficient projects. Inefficient allocation of resources can be observed. Political pressure based decisions can be made to benefit few businessmen. Market regulations can lead to low quality output. Personal freedom of the entrepreneurs can be restricted. Increase in bureaucracy. Thus the government interference should be restricted up to some extent. That is, instead of taking controls over the market, the government expenditures should be made for the public welfare processes. This includes building roads, hospitals, schools and colleges etc. With expenditures on the public utilities the government can give support to the normal living of all the citizens in the country(Butkeviciene et al., 2008). iii. Need of government interference: Government should interfere and reduce inflation and unemployment because of the following reasons. A. Interference for reducing inflation: Inflation makes even the necessities dearer making it difficult for the common people to sustain a good life. Low quality products and services is sold in the market. Stock piling takes place that further initiates the inflationary effects. Thus government should make efforts to keep a control over the pricing of essential goods. Moreover the minimum rates for the necessities will be fixed so that the businesses cannot take advantage of stock piling and lesser supply. Finally the quality assurance is fixed so that every product sold in market meets the food related guidelines and requirements(Dornsbusch, 2002). B. Interference for reducing unemployment: People are unable to get the deserving jobs. Financial status of the people downgrades. The unemployed may participate in various criminal activities and illegal activities. Thus government should invest in projects which promise to generate employment opportunities for number of people. Also the unemployed should be guided towards the job by government offices. In some countries unemployment allowance is also given so that the unemployed could at least meet their necessary requirements for living. Government should interfere and reduce inflation and unemployment because of the following reasons(Lash Urry, 1994). iv. Examples of government interference: It has been proved at various times that the government intervention is a disguised blessings for the economy and its citizens. During the first economic slowdown in year 1929, the economies faced a set back and the governments were finding ways to bring market stimuli through application of new financial projects. The British government took the step of making rail lines so that the money movement can be started. This resulted in bringing employment opportunities for various people and hence government interference helped in bringing back the economy from complete stagflation phase(Layton Robinson, 2014). Various other examples of government interference helping us in the present day world include the followings. Fixing minimum level of wages to offer people with the minimum earnings from their hard work. Establishing minimum standards of nutrition and health care in the production of FMCG or Fast Moving Consumer Goods. Displaying of warnings of the disease or issues that cigarettes and other tobacco products may lead the consumer to. Control over the broadcasts on television, radio and movies so that parental controls and proper guidance can be given to the viewers about the contents. Making advertisements through various mediums to inform people about the various safety and health care projects that are made for public welfare. Regulations and restrictions are administered at public places so that the common interest of the general public can be safeguarded. Control over business activities in causing harm to the environment and people living in the area through regulations. B. Analyze inflation, unemployment and growth trend in Australia. Identifying range of aggregate supply curve in Australia: i. Unemployment rate in Australia: The unemployment rate has declined in Australia in December 2014 to 6.10 percent as against 6.20 in November 2014. However the overall unemployment rate is much higher as against 4 percent in February 2008. As per the data retrieved from the Australian Bureau of Statics, the following graph of Australian unemployment rate and the recent trend can be shown. (IECONOMICS, 2015) From the above diagram, we can clearly analyses that the unemployment rate is on an average of 6 percent. This trend of rise in unemployment has been observed since 2008, when the economic slowdown affected the economies around the world. ii. Inflation rate in Australia: The inflation rate has been rising but at a diminishing rate, year on year basis, in Australia in the recent years. The rate of inflation on January 2014 was 2.7 as against 1.2 on December 2012. This shows the trend of economy improvements in the country. This trend has continued to grow as the inflation rate showed consistent rise until July 2014 by reaching to 3 but again a fall has been recorded which brought it back to 2.3 in October 2014.This can be shown as below. (IECONOMICS, 2015) iii. Growth trends: The growth trends includes the imports, exports, currency rates, GDP, unemployment rate and various other factors that depicts the financial position of the country and its economic growth. The growth trend in Australia as on September 2014 is discussed as follows. Australian imports are falling to 5820 AUD million. The countrys interest rates are fixed at 2.5%. Australian exports are rising to 4932 AUD million. Australian currency is failing to continue its strength in the international markets and thus a fall of .79 has been observed. The GDP has been shooting up to 1561 billion dollars. This way an overall average growth trend is observed till date. The growth rate has improved from -0.5 in January 2011 to 1.2 in March 2014. However a steep fall has been observed later which brought it down to 0.25 until the start of October 2014(IECONOMICS, 2015). This information can be displayed as below. (IECONOMICS, 2015) This way the overall features of Australian economy can be concluded as follows. (IECONOMICS, 2015) iv. Relation between inflation, unemployment and growth: Inflation, unemployment and growth are all interconnected with each other. Inflation results in rising prices on the one side but on the other side signals the presence of good employment opportunities in the market. It confirms that people have extra disposable income which is supporting the inflationary effects in the market. This way inflation is a sign of economic growth and prosperity. However the reverse of inflation that is deflation is a sign of economic slowdown. The prices of goods and services decline when their demand declines. The demand for goods decline when people do not have extra disposable income. This mostly happens when there is no job or decline in pay scale. This way deflation shows that the economy is contracting and the unemployment level is rising which is causing the reverse of inflation. The best method to achieve high level benefit for the country is through achieving a definite level of inflation in the economy. In Australia there is a target of achieving 3% inflation based on year on year basis. The government through its yearly policies decides on market stimuli methods so that the economy can be supported by boosting the investment and hence helping movement of money in the market. Various projects and plan are developed overtime to enhance the employment opportunities and achieve a definite level of inflation in the market. This way an estimate growth is expected to be achieved over time. v. Aggregate supply curve of Australia: Aggregate supply curve consists of Gross Domestic Product or GDP related information at various price levels. The Aggregate supply for Australia consists of the following features. The GDP of Australia is recorded at 1561$ billion in year 2013. The GDP growth rate is at 0.3% recorded in quarter three of year 2014. The GDP annual growth is recorded at 2.7% in third quarter of 2014. The GDP per capita PPP of Australia was 42810 $ in year 2013. An increase of GDP has been recorded in year 2013 at 1561$ billion as against 1532$ billion in year 2012. However the annual growth rate is consistent at 2.7 in year 2014 and 2013. The GDP growth rate however has decline to 0.3 in year 2014 as against 0.5 in year 2013. This information can be displayed as below. (IECONOMICS, 2015) In addition the Gross national product is rising at 379020 AUD millions. On the other hand, the Australian Gross Fixed capital formation is falling at 103088 AUD million. The Money supply is rising at 310804 AUD million. At present the aggregate supply curve that is operating in the country is stated as below. (IECONOMICS, 2015) vi. Range of supply curve Australia is operating: A. Short Run Aggregate Supply curve: The aggregate supply curve stands for the volume of goods and services that are actually produced in an economy at the specific price levels. The aggregate supply curve shows contraction of supply when the GDP falls and expansion when the GDP rises. This can be depicted as below. At present the Australian Economy is operating at the low level expansion of aggregate supply. This is because of adverse effects of the global slowdown that the economy even after various economic boosts and government policies is not able to improve its present economic conditions and achieve sustainable economic growth. B. Long Run Aggregate Supply Curve: The long run aggregate supply curve changes when there is a natural growth of output that affects the supply. The various factors that affect change in the long run aggregate supply curve include increased productivity, improvement in efficient, enhanced output, increase in stock etc. The shift in the Long run Aggregate supply curve takes places as follows. This way an increase in long run supply curve results in increase in Real National Income and vice versa. (Perloff, 2001) C: Monetary Policy and its influence on economy, exchange rate and employment levels: i. Monetary Policy and its influence on economy: The monetary policy actually consists of government policy and influence towards the movement and use of funds by the various financial organizations. The financial organizations are banks and other agencies that offer credit to the people at a specified rate. Through monetary the interest rates that has been charged on the loan applier is fixed. Thus efforts are made to give a fair deal and terms of taking loan that is offered to the public. On the other hand, the investors who deposit their money in the banks are also offered interest so that they get minimal return on their investment. A percentage difference is set between the interest charged from loan applicants and the interest disbursed to the investors so that the banks can earn profits and manage their administrative expenditures accordingly(Marrewijk, 2007). This way an effort is made to control the supply of money in the market. That is with the excess supply of money the disposable income with the public increases and that will result increasing expenditures and leading to inflation. On the other hand if the supply of money decreases the demand for goods declines and thus declines the inflation making the goods available at low prices(Marrewijk, 2007). ii. Monetary Policy and exchange rate: The exchange rate is actually the international market rate of currency which is fixed by the market forces. At this price the currency is exchanged in the foreign market. The monetary policy affects the exchange rate. Actually the monetary policy can reduce interest rates and this results in making easy available of capital in the market. Thus the domestic financial and capital assets including bonds, real estates and stock becomes less attractive. This will certainly affect the rate of returns on foreign investment. The final outcome will be that the foreign investors will sell out their share and will not demand for that particular currency for future investment. This way the exchange rate of the currency will fall due to the interest declining steps taken through the monetary policy. The domestic investors also will start looking toward international boundaries for future investment and thus will decline the investment in the country. Overall the demand for the currency will fall which will adversely affect the currency exchange rate. On the other hand when the interest rate raises the domestic financial and capital assets become dearer thereby increasing the value of investments of foreign investors. Thus they can demand more currency for investment which will result in increasing foreign exchange price of that country(Mahadevan, 2004). The outcome of the faulty monetary policy on the foreign exchange rate can be identified as follows. Decrease in currency exchange rate. Lack of investment in the country. Decline in growth rate. Devaluation of the currency in the foreign market. Decrease demand of currency in international targets. Balance of trade will get adverse. (Layton Robinson, 2014) iii. Monetary Policy and employment levels: Employment levels stands for the numbers of deserving candidates getting jobs. The employment level is affected by the monetary policy as well. With the fall in the interest rates the availability of funds to the public will increase. This will result in increasing investment in the economy that will automatically produce more employment opportunities as the factors of production will be deployed for the production purpose including labor. Thus the people who participate in the production process will get employment and earn good income. People will save less and invest more to create new business opportunities. On the other hand if the interest rates increase than the funds available at loan will get dearer. There will be lesser entrepreneurial spirit and investment that can be observed in the economy. People will save more in the banks as the returns from investment are higher and safe than investing them in capital market. There will no investment or business set up leading to no employment opportunities and increasing unemployment levels(Atkinson et al., 1998). The outcome of faulty monetary policy on employment will be as follows. Increase in unemployment level. People will be forced to work on jobs below their capabilities. Wage rate will decline and people will have to accept jobs at low pay scale. Increase in criminal and illegal activities. People will immigrate in other countries in search of jobs. Tension will prevail with the immigrants who offer their services at low pay. (Dornsbusch, 2002) This way the monetary policy is the backbone of every economy. A faulty monetary policy can lead to huge loss to the economy. On the other hand, the correct monetary policy can help in achieving various high level gains and profits to the economy. Therefore there is a need to develop a monetary policy that could benefit the nation and its citizens as well. Bibliography Atkinson, B., Livesey, F. Milward, B., 1998. Applied Economics. London: MacMillan. Atkinson, B. Miller, R., 1998. Business Economics. Harlow: Princeton Hall. Begg, D. Ward, D., 2003. Economics for Business. New York: McGraw-Hill. Butkeviciene, V.J., Stravinskiene Rutelione, A., 2008. Impact of consumer package communication on consumer decision making process. Incinerate Economical-Engineering Economics, 1, pp.57-65. Daly, H., 2008. Ecological Economics and Sustainable Development. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. Dornsbusch, R., 2002. Macroeconomics. Sydney: McGraw Hill. Harris, N., 2001. Business Economics theory and Application. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinmann. IECONOMICS, 2015. Australian Economy. [Online] Available at: https://ieconomics.com/australian-economy [Accessed 23 January 2015]. Lash, S. Urry, J., 1994. Economics of signs and space. London: Sage publications. Layton, A. Robinson, T., 2014. Economics for Today. 4th ed. Harlow: Princeton Hall. Mahadevan, R., 2004. the Economics of Productivity in Asia and Australia. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Marrewijk, C.V., 2007. Absolute advantage. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Perloff, J., 2001. Microeconomics. 2nd ed. New York: Addison Wesley Longman. Yuen, A., Basso, L.J. Zhang, A., 2008. Effects of gateway congestion pricing on optimal road pricing and hinterland. Journal of transport economics and policy., 42(3), pp.495-526.

65 preguntas en entrevista residencia por matrimonio

65 preguntas en entrevista residencia por matrimonio La entrevista a los cà ³nyuges en el proceso de obtencià ³n de la residencia permanente por matrimonio es un paso que se realiza porque Inmigracià ³n quiere saber si un matrimonio es de conveniencia o si se trata de una unià ³n verdadera. Solamente en este à ºltimo caso el cà ³nyuge extranjero obtendrn definitivamente los papeles. Destacar que la entrevista para levantar la condicionalidad tiene lugar à ºnicamente en  el caso en el que el cà ³nyuge extranjero de un ciudadano americano obtuvo inicialmente una green card temporal por dos aà ±os. Esto solamente tiene lugar en los casos en los que el cà ³nyuge extranjero recibe la green card antes de haber cumplido los dos aà ±os de casado.  Es decir, no en todos los casos de residencia por matrimonio hay entrevista. Los casos en los que la green card por matrimonio es temporal y, por lo tanto, es imprescindible la entrevista como paso previo para levantar la condicionalidad de la residencia de dicho cà ³nyuge extranjero, lo comà ºn es que las preguntas se  hagan  por separado  a cada uno de los esposos.   Despuà ©s de leer este artà ­culo se tendr una idea informada de quà © preguntas esperar en la entrevista, consejos para la misma y cà ³mo evitar problemas y quà © hacer una vez que se realiza exitosamente.   El oficial de Inmigracià ³n puede preguntar lo que quiera, pero sus preguntas van a ser muy similares a las siguientes. 65 preguntas entrevista para residencia por matrimonio Las preguntas suelen referirse a varios temas: noviazgo y ceremonia de casamiento, la familia de cada uno de los cà ³nyuges y vida de casados. Por cuestiones prcticas de este artà ­culo, las preguntas se dividen en esos tres bloques. Estas preguntas aplican tanto a matrimonios entre un varà ³n y una mujer como al celebrado entre dos personas del mismo sexo, ya que las leyes federales de EE.UU. reconocen la legalidad del matrimonio igualitario y, por lo tanto, es posible derivar beneficios migratorios de dicho matrimonio. Noviazgo y boda  ¿Dà ³nde se conocieron? ¿En quà © momento pasaron de ser amigos a ser novios? ¿Quà © actividades hacà ­an en comà ºn cuando eran novios? ¿Quà © gustos y aficiones tienen en comà ºn? ¿Por quà © han tenido un noviazgo tan corto (o tan largo)? ¿Quià ©n decidià ³ que era una buena idea casarse? ¿Dà ³nde se celebrà ³ la boda? ¿A cunta gente invitaron? ¿Quià ©nes estaban presentes por parte de cada una de las familias?Describe la ceremonia y el banquete.  ¿Algo fuera de lo comà ºn? ¿Quà © se sirvià ³ para comer y para beber? ¿Cà ³mo se decidià ³ el menà º? ¿Quià ©n pagà ³ por el banquete? ¿Hasta que hora durà ³ la recepcià ³n? ¿Dà ³nde fue la luna de miel? ¿Por quà © decidieron ese destino? La vida en comà ºn  ¿Quià ©n de los dos se levanta generalmente antes? ¿A quà © hora? ¿Quià ©n hace el desayuno? ¿Quià ©n hace la comida y la cena? ¿Quià ©n hace la compra? ¿Quià ©n lava los platos? ¿Quià ©n plancha? ¿Dà ³nde se guarda la ropa de invierno? ¿Cul es la comida preferida de tu esposo/a? ¿Quà © comida detesta tu esposo/a? ¿Cuntas veces a la semana salen a comer fuera? ¿Cul fue la à ºltima pelà ­cula que vieron juntos? ¿De quà © color son las cortinas de cada cuarto de la casa? ¿Quà © electrodomà ©sticos hay en la cocina? ¿De quà © tamaà ±o es la cama matrimonial? ¿Tienen televisià ³n en el dormitorio? ¿Cà ³mo es el pijama preferido de tu esposo/a? ¿De quà © lado de la cama duermes? ¿Cul es la marca de crema, champà º, crema de dientes, etc que utiliza tu esposo/a?Si se utiliza algà ºn mà ©todo anti conceptivo,  ¿cul? ¿Cundo tuvo la esposa su à ºltima menstruacià ³n? ¿Cundo es el cumpleaà ±os de cada uno? ¿Quà © celebrac iones se festejan en la casa? ¿Quà © hicieron juntos en el à ºltimo dà ­a feriado? ¿Cul es el programa de televisià ³n favorito de tu esposo/a? ¿Cul es la estacià ³n de radio que prefiere escuchar tu esposo/a?  ¿Cul es la marca de la cmara de fotos? ¿Cuntos autos tienen? ¿Cuntos telà ©fonos de là ­nea fija hay en la casa? ¿Cul es el servicio de internet, cable? ¿Cuntas televisiones hay en la casa y en que cuarto se encuentran? ¿Quà © revistas leen o tienen suscripcià ³n? ¿Viven en una casa o apartamento? ¿Cunto se paga de renta o de hipoteca?Si hay mascotas,  ¿quià ©n las pasea y quià ©n las lleva al veterinario y cules son sus nombres? Familia  ¿Con quà © frecuencia visitan o se va a ver a la familia polà ­tica? ¿Cà ³mo te llevas con tus suegros? ¿Les has hecho regalos o te los han hecho? ¿Con quà © otros miembros de la familia se tiene relacià ³n frecuente? ¿Cundo fue la à ºltima vez que los viste?Si se tienen nià ±os,  ¿quià ©n los levanta? ¿Quià ©n les hace de comer la mayor parte de las veces? ¿Cul es su comida favorita? ¿Quià ©n los acuesta? ¿Cul es su cuento favorito? ¿Cul es su juguete favorito? ¿Van solos al retrete? ¿Utilizan asiento extra en el auto? ¿Quià ©n es la persona que los cuida cuando los padres estn fuera de la casa? Problemas que pueden surgir en la entrevista para la residencia Si Inmigracià ³n cree que se est ante un matrimonio falso para obtener la tarjeta de residencia, habr consecuencias serias por esa boda de conveniencia, si bien son ms problemticas y graves para el cà ³nyuge extranjero que se casà ³ por los papeles. Por otra parte, si un ciudadano llega a la conclusià ³n de que se han casado con à ©l o ella sà ³lo por los papeles, tiene dos opciones: denunciarlo  o, si es posible, cancelar la tramitacià ³n del permiso de residencia antes de que à ©sta sea definitiva. Adems, tener en cuenta que el divorcio cuando la residencia se obtiene por matrimonio puede tener efectos migratorios importantes, por lo que hay que analizar bien las posibles consecuencias, aà ºn cuando el divorcio se produzca despuà ©s de haber levantado la condicionalidad de la green card y, por lo tanto, haber obtenido la tarjeta de residencia permanente. Por à ºltimo, si  el matrimonio es abusivo y resulta muy dificultoso para el cà ³nyuge extranjero permanecer conviviendo con el esposo o esposa ciudadano porque todavà ­a no se ha levantado la condicionalidad de la green card, es  posible consultar con un abogado opciones migratorias, incluido  VAWA para và ­ctimas de violencia domà ©stica. Consejos para la entrevista y despuà ©s Si la entrevista tiene lugar en Estados Unidos y uno de los cà ³nyuges no habla bien inglà ©s, puede llevar a un intà ©rprete a las oficinas del USCIS. No se permite que el marido o la mujer que sà ­ habla inglà ©s traduzca para su cà ³nyuge en este tipo de situaciones.   Si todo va bien, como es realmente en la mayorà ­a de los casos, lo esposos de ciudadanos americanos deben saber que pueden obtener la ciudadanà ­a americana tras tres aà ±os de matrimonio. Es muy conveniente considerar la posibilidad de naturalizarse cuanto antes ya que hay importantes diferencias entre un ciudadano y un residente. De interà ©s para indocumentados que estn pensando en casarse Los migrantes indocumentados no siempre pueden legalizar su situacià ³n mediante una boda. Es muy conocer cules son las opciones en un  matrimonio con un ciudadano  y tener muy en cuenta que no hay opciones de ajustar estatus en los casos de  matrimonio con un residente. En estos casos lo ms aconsejable es consultar con un abogado migratorio antes de enviar papeles a Inmigracià ³n. Puntos clave Algunas residencias por matrimonio con ciudadano son condicionales La condicionalidad hay que levantarla a los dos aà ±os y dentro de plazoLa entrevista a los cà ³nyuges forma parte del trmite para levantar condicionalidadEl matrimonio de conveniencia para sacar los papeles es un fraude de leySi se levanta la condicionalidad, la green card se convierte en permanente Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Animal Farm A Study in the Relation Between Power Structures and the Fundamental Right to Freedom essays

Animal Farm A Study in the Relation Between Power Structures and the Fundamental Right to Freedom essays It has been widely acknowledged that George Orwell wrote Animal Farm with the express purpose of indicting Communism as a solution to social problems. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union it can, therefore, be argued that the work has lost its relevance, except perhaps, as a children's fable. To write the novel off in such a fashion would, however, be a mistake because a closer examination of the plot structure and the caricatures of various characters will reveal that the work has a timeless relevance. Indeed, if one were to disregard any preconception that Animal Farm should be interpreted as a satire on Communist Russia, it can be argued that the novel's main purpose is to highlight the negative effects of power structures in terms of suppressing and exploiting the weaker sections of society. The abuse of power, as a central theme, is especially apparent in the manner in which the characters of Boxer and Mollie are portrayed. Although the two possess diametrically opposite personalities, they share one thing in common and that is, they both reveal an inherent weakness, which ends up being exploited by the powers-that-be. Thus, it can be said that the characters of both Boxer and Mollie are used by Orwell to establish that as long as power structures exist, the freedom of individuals to pursue life, liberty, and happiness will always be Like most satires, Orwell uses allegory and irony to allow the reader to interpret the parallels being drawn between the personality trait in a particular animal character and human nature. However, Orwell does not merely stop at that. He also uses the plot structure in Animal Farm to establish that human society will always be a case of "all animals are equal, but some are more equal than others," (Orwell, p. 114) irrespective of arguments or claims to the contrary. Thus, Animal Farm begins with Old Major advising the animals that thei...

How did World War 1 help Canadian women get the vote Essay

How did World War 1 help Canadian women get the vote - Essay Example It won the audience with its wit and humor. In 1916, a women’s suffrage bill was passed. McClung moved to Edmonton and was elected to the Alberta legislature in 1921. She worked on the famous â€Å"Persons case†. ‘Until 1929, Senate seats were open only to â€Å"eligible persons† according to the constitution and the Supreme Court ruled that women were not â€Å"persons† and therefore not eligible for appointment to the Senate. McClung and several other women led the fight against this archaic notion. During World War I, some women in Canada were finally allowed to vote. And in 1919, all women over 21 had the right to vote in a federal election. ‘Women got the federal vote in 3 stages: the Military Voters Act of 1917 where nurses and women in the armed services were allowed to vote; the Wartime Election Act which extended the vote to women who had husbands, son or fathers serving overseas; and all women over 21 on January 1, 1919. _________ _____________________________________________________________________ 1. â€Å"A Country by Consent†, World War 1, 1914 – 1918. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid. ‘On June 19th 1917, the House of Commons voted by 385 to 55 to accept the Representation of the People Bill’s women’s suffrage clause. Suffragists were encouraged to contact their MP’s to support the bill. ... Historians such as Martin Pugh believe that the vote in favor of female suffrage was simply a continuation of the way the issue had been moving before the war had started in 1914. ‘In 1911, there had been a similar vote to the one in 1917. Of the 194 MP’s who voted for the bills in both 1911 and 1917, only 22 had changed their stance. Fourteen had changed to being in favor of female suffrage and 4 changed from being for female suffrage in 1911 to being against it in 1917. This leaves a difference of only 14 – a long way of the 330 majority of 1917. This only proves that the direction the Parliament was moving in before August 1914 was a significant factor in the 1918 Representation of the People Act. The activities of the Suffragists and Suffragettes (the female members of the Women’s Social & Political Union who wanted to take part in the electoral process) pre-1914 have been more important at a political level than the work done by women in the war. Als o, the Parliament was very conscious on how the public would react if they would arrest women who had done important work for the nation during the war just because they wanted political rights after it. A continuation of the way things were going pre-1914 was an important factor as was the fear of social and political unrest in the aftermath of what had happened in Russia. ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. â€Å"The Role of Women 1900 -1945†, 2010. 5. Ibid. 6. Ibid. ‘From 1910 to 1913, two issues dominated British politics: the clash between the Lords and the House of Commons and the continuing rise of militancy by the Suffragettes. The death of Emily Wilding Davison at the Derby in 1913 seemed to many to show that the very fabric of

How Free Should Speech Be Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

How Free Should Speech Be - Essay Example Nat Hantoff writes, â€Å"But nowhere in the First Amendment does it say that freedom of speech is limited only to ideas and symbols that further freedom, dignity and nonviolence.† Freedom of speech remains the pivotal assurance for the American society given by the founders of the constitution. Freedom of speech is like the double-edged sword and it is the twice-blessed responsibility. It blesses the receiver and it blesses the giver. Often the authorities have to walk on the razor’s edge to enforce the provisions of the freedom of speech when interests and cross interests of the different communities are involved. As such it is necessary to understand the scope of the word ‘freedom’ in the correct perspective. Its connotation also varies from one area to another. Philosophical freedom includes the ability to make choices without limitations, while political freedom is the state of being free to practice the choice of one’s political philosophy. Nat Hantoff quotes Aryeh Neier, â€Å"As a Jew, and a refugee from Nazi Germany, I have strong personal reasons for finding the Nazis repugnant. Freedom of speech protects my right to denounce Nazis with all the vehemence I think proper. Despite my hatred of their vicious doctrine, I realize that it is in my interest to defend their right to preach it.† Many positive developments have taken place in the area of freedom of speech for an individual or for a group of individuals professing and practising identical ideals.

The Traditional CD Marketing Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Traditional CD Marketing Company - Essay Example There has been a lot of change in the retailing environment in association with the issue of downloading digital resource. At the same time, many modern players in the retail CD market have cut out on the branch style of the organization and have streamlined so that they have fewer corporate offices and zones, and more time and attention to pay to its stars and customers. In terms of price, the competition is that of a rivalry between the traditional CD of music, bought at a retailer in a brick-and-mortar form, versus a song or album that is downloaded over the internet. â€Å"Nearly all of the leading OMPs provide the same standard set of features and pricing: $0.99 singles, a dedicated software client, and an extensive catalog of music from the five major labels plus many independents† (Lin, 2009). The current research must also look at the vital issue of how many people are downloading music for free over peer to peer (p2p) networks, or paying minimal amounts through servic es like iTunes, therefore seriously threatening the recording industry’s and the traditional CD retailing industry’s profits. From a modern perspective, one can also take a traditional view of the overall industry, in terms of development, production, distribution and retail, talking more about making CDs than about making mp3 files, and focusing on cost requirements for making a hit in music, developing this as a sort of artist investment process. On the other hand, in considering marketing and promoting costs, it is important to register the popularity of free internet downloading and how much of a threat this represents. The current research examines economic concepts before putting them in the context of CD vs. digital song retailing.

Parameters For Noise Pollution Measurement

Parameters For Noise Pollution Measurement Noise is defined as the sound which is unwanted or undesired for a particular community in a particular place. Sound is the form of energy which gives the sensation of hearing. It is produced by longitudinal mechanical waves in the matter and is transmitted by the oscillations of atoms and molecules of matter. Noise is basically a form of unwanted sound with a specific pitch, intensity, frequency, amplitude and other characteristics. The description of noise as an unwanted sound indicates that it has an unpleasant effect on human beings and their environment including land structure and domestic animals, also affecting wildlife and ecological cycles. Units of measurement: The unwanted sound or noise can be physically determined as a quantity with the unit called decibel (dB). Decibel is audio loudness measurement. It is the logarithmic unit that describes the ratio between sound intensity values or sound pressure values. 0dB is nominally the threshold of hearing and 85-90dB is nominally the threshold of pain while levels near 120dB may disturb normal body functioning. Noise and our hearing: The auditory function of the ear consists is the conduction of sound through the external and middle ears or cranial bones and their reception by the spiral organ of corti, the receptor of the auditory analyzer. The external and middle ear make up the sound conducting apparatus, while the internal ear, specially the organ of corti, makes up the sound perceiving apparatus. The auricle in man plays a role in collecting sound and determining their direction. Sound waves striking the tympanic membrane set it into vibrations. The drum being connected to the handle of malleus, these vibrations are transmitted to the ossicular window of the labyrinth, rocks in and out of the oval window according to the phase of sound vibration. The vibration of the foot plate of the stapes in the oval window sets up vibrations in the perilymph. These vibrations are transmitted to the basilar membrane, and the organ of corti which it supports. The vibration of the basilar membrane causes the hair cells of the spiral organ of corti to get in touch with the overhanging tectorial membrane. At the same time, the mechanical energy of excitation, which is conveyed to most delicate receptors of the auditory nerve to be passed further to its nuclei into the medulla to the temporal brain lobes where nerve impulses are interpreted as sounds heard. Normal hearing depends on the normal condition of the apparatus for sound perception and conduction. Human being can hear external sounds with a frequency of 16-20,000 cycles per second. When sound vibrations enter into the cochlea; the tiny hairs in the cochlea to move back and forth. If vibrations with a great intensity blast into the cochlea, these hairs, especially the stereocilia, can be flattened and damaged. NOISE POLLUTION Noise pollution is the pollution caused when the unwanted sound is dumped into the environment without taking concern of its adversaries it may have. It causes health hazards (auditory + non-auditory effects) to the people and also affects the surrounding environment as well as wildlife. PARAMETERS FOR NOISE POLLUTION MEASUREMENT: For noise emission measurement, change in several sound characteristics is determined for detecting and recording the accurate values in dB. Some of these measuring parameters are: Sound Power: It is defined as the energy of sound per unit time and is given by: W= E/t (j/s or Watts) Whereas, sound power level can be described as: Lw= 10 log (W/W0) Where: W= measured power from the sound source W0= reference power level (10-12 Watts) Sound Intensity: It is defined as the amount of energy per unit area in unit time that is perpendicular to the direction of travelling sound waves. It is also defined as the sound power transmitted per unit area and is given by: I = W/A (W/m2) The dynamic range of sound intensity for human hearing ranges from 10-12W/m2 to 10-100 W/m2. The highest sound intensity possible to hear is 10,000,000,000,000 times as loud as the quietest. The usage of intensity for describing human ear response over a linear scale is very difficult as it gives such large values. Therefore, a logarithmic scale is used instead of linear scale in which the intensity level is given by 10 times the logarithmic ratio of the actual intensity to the reference intensity value. The threshold of audible sound is 10-16 W/cm2; which is considered as 0 dB. Sound intensity level is given by: Lt= 10 log (I/I0) Where: I= intensity value measured (W/m2) I0= reference intensity (10-16W/m2) Sound Pressure: Sound pressure is defined as the force of sound per unit area perpendicular to the direction of sound waves. It is given by: P= F/A (N/m2 or Pa) The range of human hearing is 0.00002-20 Pa. the sound pressure level is given by: SPL= 20 log (P/P0) Where: P= measured sound pressure (Pa) P0= reference power level (2ÃÆ'-10-5 Pa) SOUND PRESSURE ( Pa) INTENSITY (W/m2) INTENSITY LEVEL (dB) 2ÃÆ'-10-5 10-12 0 2ÃÆ'-10-4 10-10 20 2ÃÆ'-10-1 10-4 80 2(2ÃÆ'-100) 10-2 100 20(2ÃÆ'-101) 10(100) 120 200(2ÃÆ'-102) 100(102) 140 Table 1.1- Showing relationship between sound pressure and intensity level CLASSIFICATION OF NOISE POLLUTION Depending on the source of generation, the pollution due to several types of noises can be divided into following types: COMMUNITY NOISE POLLUTION: Community noise pollution is mainly spreading in the environment due to various community noises. These community noises can be further sub-divided into: Road traffic noise: With rapid increase in number of road vehicles, traffic noise is increasing day by day. The noise is spreading mainly due to traffic speed as the volume of the noise enhances with the traffic speed, and as modern high ways and traffic systems encourage speed, the noise pollution phenomenon is raising rapidly. There is maximum noise pollution during morning and evening hours in urban areas. Heavy engine-trucks are the noisiest vehicles on road having at least 80-85dB level of noise. Domestic noise: This type includes all types of noises that are common in residential areas i.e. the noise of music players, television, burglar alarms, dog barking, residential construction noise etc. depending on its intensity and volume, residential or domestic noise can be source of annoyance to anyone. The noise level in residential areas ranges from 35-45dB and does not cause serious auditory disorders. Aircraft noise: The noise which is spreading in the environment mainly due to aviation activities i.e. phases of a flight including take off, landing and flying on a path. These aerodynamic activities have an adverse effect on the people associated with the flight processes but also the people residing near airports. These noise levels are much higher in ultra-flight aircraft having a peak near 100dB which is extremely hazardous to the health. http://www.ccrh.org/comm/slough/images/Image5.gif Fig. 1.1- Aircraft noise pattern from a jet engine OCCUPATIONAL NOISE POLLUTION: Occupational noise pollution is the pollution which is present in the environment due to noises on work places, factories, and industries i.e. the noise of machines, tools, and other working equipment at work. Depending on the time of exposure, these noises have been divided into following three types: Continuous noise: It is defined as the noise whose maxima (highest levels) occur more often than once per second. It is produced by the machinery that operates without interruption e.g. pumps, compressors and processing equipments etc. Intermittent noise: The noise that is not continuous with time i.e., taking alternating periods of start and stop is called intermittent noise e.g. drill machines. NOISE SOURCE NOISE LEVEL(dB) Breathing 10 Conversation 20-30 House in a quiet street 35 Loud conversation 50-60 Office noise 60 Children playing 60 Lawn mower 60-80 Traffic noise 60-90 Sports car 85-90 Heavy truck 90-100 Electrically amplified music 120 Aircraft noise 90-120 Jet engine 140 Table 1.2-Sound sources and their intensities Impulse noise: It is the noise that gives rise to instantaneous sharp sound for a small time duration and then diminishes e.g. blasting. The sound pressure in this type may be from 40dB (minimum) to 200 plus dB (sufficient to destroy internal organs). http://coastaldrillingandblasting.com/images/home-photo-blast.jpg Fig 1.2- intermittent noise from blasting HAZARDOUS EFFECTS OF THE NOISE POLLUTION Health effects on human beings: Noise pollution is being considered as one of the leading environmental hazards nowadays. From a simple ceiling fan to a heavy traffic sight, the sound affects our lives somehow. But it is the relative loudness that is hazardous to the man and the other life forms. Noise pollution affects the human beings in two ways which are: 1) auditory effect: when it interferes with the functions of hearing mechanism. 2) Non-auditory effects: where it interacts with the health and bodily functions other than our hearing organs. Fig.1.3- a brief chart description of noise pollution hazards on human health Auditory effects: The first organ that gets affected by the noise is the ear. More than 50% of our working community complains of tinnitus (continuous ringing noise) in the ear. Continuous exposure may lead to deafness or permanent loss of hearing. It is because of the complete destruction of the organ of corti that transmits sound from ear to brain. The levels at which a person can get affected by the noise exposure are given below: Sensorineural hearing loss, neural hearing loss is due to damage to auditory nerves, sensory hearing loss is due to damage to inner ear or cochlea resulting from repeated loud noise exposure. High noise levels can result in excessive ear-wax secretion, a damaged ear-drum or fluid in the inner ear. More serious affects include permanent deafness, pain and ringing in the ears. Non-auditory effects: Non-auditory effects can be defined as all the effects on health and welfare due to the noise exposure apart from the effects on the hearing organs. they affect the social behaviour of the objects also altering the normal biological functioning of the body. When the noise pollution is considered to cause hazards other than hearing disorders, annoyance is the most basic level by which it affects peoples actions and communication, which leads to stress showing further symptoms and thus showing illness. On the other hand, noise may not always cause annoyance first and can directly affect health. The degree to which it may affect the health depends on the parameters including the intensity, pressure, volume, duration and the nature of the noise. Annoyance: It is the most prevalent and well documented subjective response to the noise, including fear and mild anger. Noise is also seen as interfering into personal privacy, while its meaning for any individual is important in determining whether the person will be annoyed by it. Annoyance reactions are associated with the degree of interference that any noise causes in everyday activities, which probably precedes and leads on to annoyance. In both traffic and aircraft noise studies, the noise levels have been found to be associated with annoyance in a dose-response relationship. on the whole, it seems that the speech communication activities are most disturbed by aircraft noise while traffic noise is most disturbing for sleep,if present at night. Noise pollution and sleep interference: Exposure to the noise for a long duration disturbs sleep resulting in raised anxiety levels. Habituation is likely to occur with the continual exposure of the noise. Objective sleep disturbance will develop if more than 50 noise events per night with a maximum level of 50 dB are at indoors or more. But, for the outdoor noise levels the value is quite low for sleep disturbance. Noise exposure during sleep may elevate blood pressure, heart rate, pulse amplitude and affect body movements. Following disturbed sleep, there may also be after-effects during the day; perceived sleep quality, short temper and daily performance levels are decreased due to sleep disturbed by road traffic noise. Effects on performance: It has been concluded from the laboratory studies, that noise exposure impairs routine performance. If a speech is played in front of a person who is learning a particular subject, it will cause performance impairment. Such impairment is independent of the meaning or subject of the speech but depends on the relative loudness. Noise exposure also slows down the rehearsal and the of selectivity processes in memory, and the choice of strategies for a particular tasks. It has also been observed that noise may reduce helping behaviour, increase violence and reduce the obedience of social cues. Physiological responses: The continuous exposure to noise causes numerous short-term physiological responses as transmitted through the nervous system. Exposure to noise causes physiological activation including elevated heart rate and blood pressure, peripheral vasoconstriction and increased peripheral vascular resistance. There is habituation to brief noise exposure but to the prolonged noise, habituation is less certain. Cardiovascular effects: Studies have suggested that individuals continually exposed to continuous noise of at least 85 dB have higher blood pressure than those not exposed to noise. Noise exposure is also an indicator of exposure to physical and psycho-social factors, associated with high blood pressure. Aircraft noise pollution is found related to heart trouble and hypertension, more cardiovascular drug use and higher blood pressure. The effects of noise have been shown on systolic blood pressure (but not diastolic pressure), total cholesterol, total triglycerides, blood viscosity, platelet count and, glucose level. However, it was found that the prevalence of hypertension was higher among people exposed to aircraft noise levels of at least 55 dB or maximum levels above 72 dB around. There is some evidence from community studies that environmental noise is related to hypertension and there is also evidence that environmental noise may be a minor risk factor for coronary heart disease. A sudden exposure to noise may stimulate catecholamine secretion and precipitate cardiac dysrhythmias. Psychiatric effects: It has been found that persistent exposure to noise causing annoyance may lead to psychological disorders. Early studies showed that regular exposure to high levels of noise to the factory workers and inhabitants of overpopulated areas complain about nausea, headache, anxiety, restless nights, and edgy tempers. But recent studies do not confirm this association between air-craft and road noise and psychiatric disorders; and the weak association was established between road-traffic noise and mental depressiveness. Hence, it is now believed that environmental noise may seem related with certain psychological symptoms, but does not result in serious psychological disorders. However, enhanced noise levels may increase the possibility of such disorders. Effects on cognitive behaviour in children: It is of the common knowledge that children belong to a group which is especially vulnerable and sensitive to environmental pollution and all of its types. Their cognitive structure is developing and they lack the well-developed strategies to coop-up. Studies have found the Effect of environmental noise activities on the cognitive structure. The research shows that noise pollution does not affect all cognitive structures uniformly; affecting mainly central processing and understanding of the language. Difficulties have been found in concentration and visual attention. The reports describe that noise exposed children show more difficulty in concentrating than those who are less exposed. The test performed on primary school children living in over-populated areas showed them having poor auditory distinction and speech perception; affecting their reading ability, as well as their school performance than those living in quiet areas. Effect of noise pollution on wildlife: Noise pollution can be harmful to the animals. High enough levels of the noise pollution may interfere with the natural cycles of the animals, which may change their migration paths to avoid the sound; moreover, masking which is the inability to perceive sound of ecological cues and animal signals. Exposure of Desert Kangaroo Rats to dune buggy sounds (95 db at 4 meters, on and off for 500 seconds) caused a major reduction on detection distance for its principal predator the Rattlesnake. When the distance for the normal sand kicking response to the snakes presence was reduced from 40 cm to 2 cm, and it took three weeks for the rat to recover. Plenty of evidences exist to prove that serious damage is occurring to the wild animals. Long-term effects from medium to low level noise intrusion need much more study, with emphasis on threatened and endangered species. NOISE POLLUTION COUNTROL All the sources of noise including road traffic, heavy vehicles, airplanes, factory machines etc. contribute towards noise pollution in one way or another. Some of these sources may have tolerable noise levels but when combined together, these can cause serious risks. According to World Health Organization, noise pollution control is easiest among all kinds of pollution the world is facing today Several steps are needed to be implemented so as to improve environmental conditions and to attain healthy noise free environment. Some of these steps are following Public awareness measures are required to make people understand about noise pollution and to guide them about permissible noise levels by using print media and electronic media properly. Noise exposure may be reduced on personal level by usage of protective ear plugs and also steps are required to reduce of exposure time to noise. Engineering techniques such as altering and modifying the designs to reduce noise, construction of sound barriers and sound absorbers might be helpful. Academic institutions and hospitals can be shifted away from the noisy roads, railway stations and airports. Similarly, the heavy industries and factories ought to be formed away from residential areas. The usage of pressure horns and record players among all means of transportation must be banned by the government in order to reduce the noise intensity. Monitoring of sound levels should be carried out by the traffic police. Legal action should be taken against violators by the government. Law formation and implementation is required to lessen the hearing problems among factory workers. Vegetation programmes along the roads should be initiated as plants absorb and dissipate high energy sound waves.

Personal Philosophy: Child Development and Teaching Essay -- Teaching

Personal Philosophy Introduction Child development is divided into four areas of development; social / emotional, physical (motor), cognitive, and language. Typically children develop in a sequence of stages in each area. Although development normally follows the same series of stages, there are individual differences in what age each stage occurs. Development in part depends on the experiences a child encounters. According to Wardle (2004), young children learn from their total experience in a program. For example, children not only learn during teacher directed activities, they also learn while playing in interest areas, on the playground, while riding the bus, or during meals. Vygotsky saw the child as part of an active social world in which communication with others and self speech help the child understand the world around him/her. (Lefton, 2000). Another area that is crucial to a child’s development is the involvement of the child’s parent is his or her education. In order to be an effective teacher one must have a general understanding of all areas of development, the role the parents have in a child’s education, the importance of play on the child’s success, and the role the teacher plays in all of this. Physical (Motor) Development Physical development proceeds from head downward and from the body outward. An infant develops control of the head first. In the next few months, the infant will be able to use their arms to lift themselves up. Between six and twelve months, the infant is able to crawl, stand, or walk as they gain control of the legs. Movement dominates the first year of toddlerhood. beginning with the skills he / she develops as an infant. During this period, todd... ... obtain the language ability necessary for later success in life. Works Cited: Brown, K. and Fitzpatrick, T. and Morrison, G. (2004, Fall). Involving Diversity in Classrooms Through Family Involvement. Dimensions. 11-16. Arkansas. Southern Early Childhood Association. Charlesworth, R. (2004). Understanding Child Development (6th ed.). New York. Thomas Delmar Learning Inc. Dodge, D. , Colker, L., and Heroman, C. (2002) The Creative Curriculum for Preschoolers (4th ed).Washington, D.C. Teaching Strategies Riddle, E. (1999, March 8). Lev Vygotsky’s Social Development Theory. Retrieved November 1, 2004, from the World Wide Web; http://www.kihd.gmu.edu. Wardle, F. (2004, Summer). A Look At Curriculum. Children and Families p.54. Alexandria, Virginia. National Head Start Association.

The Importance of Setting

The path to becoming an adult is lined with a variety of childhood and adolescent experiences, some more painful than others. In T. Coraghessen Boyle’s short story, â€Å"Greasy Lake,† Boyle masterfully uses the setting and the protagonist’s experience to teach us an old but vital lesson: those who choose not to learn and grow from their past mistakes are destined to repeat them, and thus will never mature and realize their true potential.At the beginning of the story, the main character (who also happens to be the narrator) depicts his adolescence as â€Å"a time when courtesy†¦went out of style, when it was good to be bad, when you cultivated decadence like a taste† (621). The three thought of themselves as dangerous characters, riding around town wreaking havoc. However, it seems unclear to the main character and his two friends that in reality, they are not actually bad characters. Really bad characters don’t drive their â€Å"parents†™ whining station wagons† (621) or read intellectual French novels by Andre Gide.Boyle gives us a general thought that these three boys are just your ordinary, everyday, misguided juvenile delinquents with an unclear view of what it really means to be a man. Later in the story, the narrator depicts a scene at the main setting of â€Å"Greasy Lake. † There, the three boys provoke who is described as the â€Å"very bad character† (623). The events that took place led the three to realize the ugly truth: they are nothing more than just three kids on an adventure for the night; little did they know what was in store for them.After a lengthy description of the fight that took place between the four characters, the three boys find themselves attempting to rape the girl that was accompanying the â€Å"very bad character. † Luckily, before they can go any farther, another vehicle pulls into the scene, scaring the boys as the flee away. They all run in different directions, leaving them all separated from each other. The main character, with no place else to hide, plunges into the greasy lake.The water is completely contaminated; â€Å"it was fetid and murky, the mud banks glittering with broken glass and strewn with beer cans and the charred remains of bonfires† (622). The setting of â€Å"Greasy Lake† contributes to the plot in a sense of the troubles of the three teenage boys. Much of the story takes place at Greasy Lake, which is not an ordinary, everyday, swimming with the family type of lake. There are crowded trees, which draws a picture of a dark forest with very little light seeping through. The island in the middle of the lake has little or no vegetation, giving the reader a feeling of death.It is also littered with things such as beer cans, broken glass, and bonfire remains. These are items that make you think of loss of control, violence, or even destruction. These ideas could surely lead to something bad happening . The water itself is described as â€Å"fetid and murky† (622). There are two different aspects of time to consider when looking at â€Å"Greasy Lake. † First of all, there is the fact that it is 2 a. m. The middle of the night is commonly a time of day when bad things occur. It is probably considered that the good, peaceful people are at home in bed.Therefore, if someone is up and about they are most likely wreaking havoc. Secondly, there is the year that the story takes place. It was written in the eighties, and it takes place in a time when â€Å"it was good to be bad† (621). Therefore, it is likely that something bad is sure to occur. The setting also serves a very important purpose to most stories by evoking a certain atmosphere. Work Cited Boyle, T. Coraghessan. â€Å"Greasy Lake. † 621 Kirszner, Laurie G. , and Stephen R. Mandell, eds. Literature: Reading, Writing. 8th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2013 Print.

The Longest Words in the German Language

The Longest Words in the German Language The classic longest German word is Donaudampfschiffahrtsgesellschaftskapitn, clocking in with 42 letters. In English, it becomes four words: Danube steamship company captain. However, its not the only super long word in the German language and, technically, its not even the longest. German Spelling Most languages, including English, string smaller words together to form longer ones, but the Germans take this practice to new extremes. As Mark Twain said, Some German words are so long that they have a perspective. But is there really such a thing as the longest German word...  das lngste deutsche Wort? Some of the suggested longest words are artificial creations. They are never used in daily spoken or written German, which is why well look at some words that far surpass our 42-letter title winner mentioned above.   For all practical purposes, this longest-word contest is really just a game. Its more fun than practical and German just happens to offer us some really long words. Even a German or English Scrabble board only has room for 15 letters, so you wont find much use for these. Yet, if youd like to play the longest-word game, here are a few selected items to consider. The 6 Longest German Words (Lange  Deutsche  Wà ¶rter) These words are listed in alphabetical order, with their gender and letter count. Betubungsmittelverschreibungsverordnung(die, 41 letters) Its a mesmerizing word that is rather difficult to read. This lengthy one refers to a regulation requiring a prescription for an anesthetic. Bezirksschornsteinfegermeister(der, 30 letters) This word may be short in comparison to those below, but it is a real word that you might be able to use someday, but even thats not likely. Roughly, it means a head district chimney sweep. Donaudampfschiffahrtselektrizittenhauptbetriebswerkbauunterbeamtengesellschaft(one word, no hyphen)  (die, 79 letters, 80 with the new German spelling that adds one more f in ...dampfschifffahrts...) Even the definition is a mouthful: association of subordinate officials of the head office management of the Danube steamboat electrical services (the name of a pre-war club in Vienna). This word is not really useful; its more of a desperate attempt to lengthen the word below. Donaudampfschifffahrtsgesellschaftskapitn(der, 42 letters) As mentioned, in classic German this is considered the longest word. Its meaning of Danube steamship company captain makes it unusable for the majority of us, though. Rechtsschutzversicherungsgesellschaften(die, plur., 39 letters) This is one you might actually be able to pronounce if you take it one syllable at a time. It means, legal protection insurance companies.  According to Guinness, this was the longest German dictionary word in everyday usage. However, the word below is a longer legitimate and official longest word- in semi-everyday usage, anyway. Rindfleischetikettierungsà ¼berwachungsaufgabenà ¼bertragungsgesetz(das, 63 letters) This hyper word references a beef labeling regulation and delegation of supervision law.  This was a 1999 German Word of the Year, and it also won a special award as the longest German word for that year. It refers to a law for regulating the labeling of beef- all in one word, which is why it is so long. German also likes abbreviations, and this word has one: ReÃÅ"AÃÅ"G. German Numbers (Zahlen) There is another reason why there really isnt a single longest German word. German numbers, long or short, are written as one word. For example, to say or write the number 7,254 (which is not really a very long number), the German is siebentausendzweihundertvierundfà ¼nfzig. That is a single word of 38 letters, so you could imagine what larger and more complex numbers may look like. For this reason, its not difficult at all to make a number-based word that far exceeds any of the other words weve discussed. Longest English Words For comparison sake, what are the longest words in English? Contrary to popular belief, the record holder is not supercalifragilisticexpialidocious (an invented word made famous in the movie Mary Poppins). Just as in German, there is disagreement about which word is actually the longest. Theres little argument, however, that English cant keep pace with German in this department. The English languages two contenders are: Antidisestablishmentarianism  (28 letters):  This is a legitimate dictionary word from the 19th century meaning opposition to the separation of church and state. Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanokoniosis  (45 letters):  The literal meaning of this term is lung disease caused by breathing in silica dust. Linguists claim this is an artificial word and that it does not deserve true longest word billing. Likewise, there are many technical and medical terms in English that qualify as long words. However, they are usually excluded from consideration for the longest word game.

breathless essays

breathless essays Wild Strawberrys has a special technique that is used in it and this thchnique is the use of a dream sequence. In these dream sequences Isak walks through a desolate city, and is approached by a faceless man, he sees a clock without hands, and watches a funeral wagon crash and leave a coffin in the middle of the street. As he nears the coffin, it opens, and the corpse , being Isak once again, emerges and attempts to pull him into the afterlife. The visual and audio symbolism is disturbing, and the entire scene is perfectly incorporated into the 'reality' of the rest of the film. One level of the plot is the dreams representing a journey that takes Isak back home to his past summers In the first dream, there is a representation of hearts as clocks beating and stopping.there is a coffin image as powerful as the shower scene in "Psycho," the dream announces the end-of-life in which Isak finds himself. ...

Utilization of the law and its processes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Utilization of the law and its processes - Essay Example There are of course many different areas of the law in the UK and these various areas cover situations that might be civil or criminal in nature. These are the main two categories of the law in the UK which many smaller laws branch off from. As was stated the main purpose is to try and keep as much of a sense of normalcy to life as possible, which in order to do that there is a strong need for law which acts as a mediator in society of many sorts (Scottish Executive Justice 2006). The law is a set of legal principles that mandate human behaviors and interactions in society. The various sets of rules or (social norms) depict what behavior is acceptable and what isn't. Also, they ensure equality when it seems to be lacking and in criminal areas the law guarantees punishment to those who break the established laws in a society (Blackstone 1997). Logically the aim of the law in the UK is to keep civil disputes minimized and for civil problems that do arise the aim is to provide fair and proper representation so that equal justice can be served. In criminal law the aim is to guarantee to those in society that a criminal offender will be punished based on the judgment passed down by the judicial system for their maladaptive behaviors and the harm that they intend to promote in society. 1.4 Classification of the Law As has been said there are different categories and classifications of the law but the two main bodies are Civil and Criminal. The other branches of the law stem from these main forms of the legal process. For instance property issues would fall under civil law while crimes of robbery and rape would fall under criminal jurisdiction. 1.5 Civil Law The civil laws in the UK function somewhat differently than the criminal laws do as they are basically controlled by the judges and the judicial system itself. Civil law is guided by civil codes and principles which are slightly variant as well basically due to the fact that civil law has an extremely wide berth. The following bulleted outline details and defines the majority of areas that are dictated by civil law in society, however there are quite a few more. Areas under Guidance of Civil Law Adults with Incapacity: Representation is given for those who do not have the mental capacity to represent themselves Bankruptcy: takes place due to fault of debtor not repaying their incurred debt Civil Courts and Tribunals: The court of session and the Sheriff's court deal with matters relative to compensation claims, debt and family issues, employment, social security, and administration Civil Partnership: A new law put into effect to provide a means of legal protection for couples not following the traditional forms of marriage, such as couples of the same sex (basically for cohabitation) Debt and Enforcement: enforces civil obligations such as debt European Justice: Involves EU legal structure Family Law: this is of course a large berth area which covers marriage, divorce, parental rights, and other family related issues Gender Recognition: mean for transsexuals to be able to apply for legal identity from their sex

Eminent Domain (Real Estate Analysis) Research Paper

Eminent Domain (Real Estate Analysis) - Research Paper Example In most cases use of eminent domain by real estate developers results in disputes and court proceedings referred to as condemnation proceedings. Additionally, use of eminent domain by private agents can result in increased corruption since the agents can use the process to enable them pay less for property. In some cases, government official have been involved in corruption whereby they have used eminent domain to acquire private property and later sold it to private developers. The power of eminent domain is restrained by public clause of Fifth Amendment, which requires that the government provide adequate evidence for the acquisition in addition to just compensation before seizing private property for public use (Aycock and Black 53-54). Initially, the eminent domain was used to obtain private properties for public uses such as schools, roads, and parks. However, the eminent domain has been expanded and is often used to include other project meant to benefit the public. Real estate agents are thus able to employ the power of eminent domain when they want to acquire property for purposes such as urban renewal projects. Several real estate agents help in fostering development, which is crucial for economic growth. They are thus empowered by eminent domain to acquire property for commercial development (Aycock and Black 53-55). There are many questions regarding the legitimacy of eminent domain especially when it is used to acquire property for private developers such as real estate agents. Although the government is required to provide evidence that the project is for public benefit, there are question on how some real estate projects benefit the public. Additionally, ways of calculating of the just compensation is questionable. Therefore, it is important that the government exercise eminent domain carefully since it affect the constitutional rights of the property owners (Cook Web). Transfer of property land to real estate agents entails

Important events Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Important events - Essay Example This war started when the North Korean Communist army tried to cross the 38th parallel and invaded non-Communist South Korea in June 25, 1950. In 1953, both South and North Korea signed a peace treaty which essentially ended them still in a divided status as before the war. (AsianInfo, 2000) The Korean War has negative and positive effects. Both North and South Korea had much causality and property destruction but they both were stretched economically. The Korean War also legitimized the United Nations as well as brought more military power throughout the world. Korea [†¦] People perceive that the United States, though projected to be invincible, its pride and self-confidence has now succumbed to defeat. It is the longest and most debilitating war--the only war the United States ever lost. It is the sacrifice for liberty that counts (Sitikoff, 1999) This is an abortive invasion of Cuba directed by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency and carried out by Cuban exiles. The invasion was intended to spark a rebellion that would topple Fidel Castro, whose communist regime was considered a threat to U.S. interests in the region. The rebellion never materialized, the invasion force was quickly defeated. The result was a huge propaganda victory for Castro and a severe embarrassment for the administration of U.S. president John F. Kennedy. Bay of Pigs (Berry,n.d) This just to shows that the U.S., one of the superpowers is not spared and is far from perfect. The Bay of Pigs was one of the most important political decisions in the history of the United States. Its effects are still being felt to today, especially in the Cuban communities of the United States. The decisions that were made by the highest offices of our government showed us that the United States. They constructed a plan that wasnt completely thought through and paid a major price -- global embarrassment. They

Effective Communication Essay Example for Free

Effective Communication Essay Effective communication is the process of transferring information or thoughts to someone or a group of people by way of speaking, writing or body language. According to â€Å"Livestron.com† (2014), â€Å"Effective communication extends the concept to require that transmitted content is received and understood by someone in the way it was intended. The goals of effective communication include creating a common perception, changing behaviors and acquiring information† (para. 1). It is important that the person receiving the information be able to clearly and concisely understand the information from the sender. The most effective and ineffective techniques for sharing information, techniques that can be applied or modified in a health care work environment and ways in which technology may affect these processes will be discussed in this paper. Effective Communication Techniques Effective communication begins with encoding, or being able to clearly and concisely relay the message so that the receiver will be able to decode the message. Another important part of effective communication is making sure the receiver properly understands the message that was being sent. When considering the context of the communication it improves the effectiveness. Context includes age, religion, sexual orientation and intellectual abilities of the receiver. Body language, or non-verbal communication includes eye contact, facial expressions, posture and position of the hands and arms. When body language is consistent with verbal content it improves understanding, and when body language is inconsistent with verbal content it creates confusion about the message. Emotions can interfere with effective communication. For example: messages maybe negatively affected if the sender is angry. While working in community mental health industry, an individual will be faced with constant changes in the way they communicate with each other, whether it be with the psychiatrist, counselor, patient, drug representative or another health care provider. I found the most used forms of communicating with other people were face-to-face communication, phone, e-mail and faxes. I feel the most effective way of communication is face-to-face because communication signals can provide insight to what is critical in gaining an understanding of other’s perspectives. Ineffective  Ways of Communication Ineffective communication can be any disruption or failure in the communication process. Language is an obvious communication barrier because if a person does not understand the language the communication fails. Another barrier is when a person has an idea but lacks the confidence to speak up the communication process fails. According to â€Å"Chron.com† (2014) â€Å"Removing barriers will increase your odds of communicating effectively. Both senders and receivers should pay attention to others in the process, making eye contact, listening intently and avoiding distractions. By being empathetic, you are imagining what it is like to be in the other person’s situation, which helps the communication process† (para. 5). How These Techniques Can Be Applied or Modified Communication is the key to succeeding and will allow coworkers in a health care environment to work well together. â€Å"A team is a small group of people with complementary skills, who work together to achieve a shared purpose and hold themselves mutually accountable for its accomplishment. Teamwork is the process of people working together to accomplish these goals† (Lombardi, Schermerhorn, Kramer, 2007, p. 91). Team members need to start out slowly in order to accomplish good communication skills. All team members should learn how to work with their team and be able to control any conflicts that might occur. How Technology Affects the Communication Process Technology has impacted the health care field in a positive and rewarding way. For instance, the electronic medical record allows the user to exchange health care information electronically and can help provide a higher quality and safer care for the patients while creating enhancements for the health care organization. The electronic medical record provides up-to-date, accurate information about patient at the point of care which allows quick access to patient records for a more coordination of care. There are so many things that technology has provided the health care industry: MRI’s, CAT Scans, ultrasounds and laparoscopic surgeries. Technology will always bring change and a positive outlook to the health care industry. In conclusion, effective communication helps to better understand a person or situation. It enables us to resolve differences and build trust and respect. This paper covered the most effective and ineffective ways for sharing information and ideas, techniques that can be applied or modified in a health care work environment and how technology impacts the communication process. References: Chron.com. (2014). Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/effective-ineffective-communication-56100.html Lombardi, D.J., Schermerhorn, J.R., Kramer, B. (2007). Managing Teams: Leading and Developing Work Teams that are Efficient, Focused, and Flexible. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Livestrong.com. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.livestrong.com/article/69309-effective-communication/

Providing British Airways Plc with a strategic plan

Providing British Airways Plc with a strategic plan Executive summary: This essay is formed for the purpose of providing British Airways Plc with a strategic plan to apply over the nearing future. British Airways is the UK market leader in the Airline industry. It has faced ever-increasing competition over the past 10 years resulting attrition  in their market share. The report commences by analyzing the current internal and external environment of British Airways. Through strategic evaluation we have suggested that BAs focus on their primary service delivery to refurbish their competitive benefit within the industry. This will require applying a grouping of two strategies; a public processes strategy and a strategy focused on technological development. The public processes strategy was a consequence from a number of industry basis demarcating BAs turn down in customer fulfillment. The technological development strategy corresponds with the regeneration of BAs aircrafts and will further improve on the whole consumers satisfaction. Introduction: The main aim of this report is to direct British Airways strategically using the current strategic position of the company and the internal and external environment. After analysing the companys position both externally and internally using appropriate tools, a final design is created giving a set of strategic options to the company. Finally an appropriate strategic option is evaluated and the methods of implementation are discussed. British Airways is the UKs largest intercontinental airline. In addition to scheduled services, BA is affianced in the process of international and domestic carriage of cargo and parcels, and additional services. In association with code share and franchise partners, BA fly to more than 300 destinations, and carried more than 33 million passengers, earning over  £8.7 billion in profits in 2007/08. Employee population in March 2008 was 42,377 people. After being privatised in 1987, BA has been a competitor in the market and has held a place worldwide. In the recent, BA has been named the worlds first airline to take part in a proposal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in 2002 and to allow passengers to print online boarding passes in 2004. Willie Walsh became Chief Executive of BA in 2005. He has focused the company through the completion of Terminal 5 at Heathrow, amongst other new initiatives. In spite of global economic down BAs future as an international business organisation, looks promising. Current Strategy: The company uses 5 strategic goals for the year 2009/10. They are basically to be the first choice airline for the long haul premium customers, to deliver an outstanding customer service at each and every point, to grow their survival in key global cities, to gain a leading position in London, to meet their customer needs and to improve their margins through new revenue streams. Long haul premium customers are considered to be their key to their profitability. They will use their deep understanding of what is required to be their airline of choice to drive the design choices on product, network and service. They will also maintain a strong presence in the cargo economy and short haul segments, which play a critical supporting role. Their customer-facing staff will be passionate about delivering outstanding customer service. They are planning to build through a revolution in the way they lead, train and reward, so that all customers, on all routes and classes, enjoy a premium experience. They will invest both in improvements targeted at premium customers, such as service training, and in those benefiting all customers. They aim to provide the best global connectivity for customers. They will build their presence in the top global cities, either directly or through their expanding network of airline partnerships. Despite the fact that the established global cities such as London and New York remain critical, they will place a special emphasis on developing their position in the global cities of tomorrow. London is the worlds biggest and most competitive international air market. Ensuring Heathrow remains a world-class hub vital enough to give them a strong London base to serve the largest international long haul markets. To support this, they will look to influence government policy decisions, and work with the airport owners on the continued development of the infrastructure. 1. External Analysis: This section indicates the external environment of BA as it is very necessary for an airline industry to remain updated about the external environmental factors. It also highlights the position of the industry, its competitors, and its capabilities to meet the current and future challenges. 1.1 PESTEL Analysis: 1.1.1 Political: Heavy regulation from the UK government has been a major challenge to the company. Hence, it is essential for BA to comply to the rules if the company has to continue operations. Moreover, since the government has increased security due to past terrorist threats, sufficient security measures should be in position to ensure consumers self-belief and competitive advantage should be maintained. 1.1.2 Economical: Due to global economic crisis, world growth is projected to just over 2 percent in 2009. The value of Pound has begun to slide especially against the Euro. Possible reduction in the amount of business travel as companies are cutting costs and using alternative means of communication such as teleconferencing. Hence BA is vulnerable as an UK operating airline to a poor exchange rate. Oil prices have been declining by 50 % since their peak retreating to 2007 levels. Decline in fuel price will obviously strengthening of the dollar changeability in oil prices and exchange rates will directly affect BAs cost base. UKs consumer spending had its sharpest decline for 13 years between July and September 2008. Hence there is an expectancy of more intense competition in the near future. 1.1.3 Social: According to the national statistics online, The UK has an aging population since the past decades. Potential opportunities may arise, as older generations have more time to spend on leisure activities such as international travel. At the same time the increase unemployment may also led to increase in the bargaining power as an employer 1.1.4 Technological: A recent survey discovered that 34% of online clients plan to use price comparison sites more in 2009. This clearly reveals that there is an increase in consumer awareness and therefore bargaining power of the same may also increase. Online booking services and check-in is becoming popular in the airline industry. Hence BA must ensure that they stay up to date with these technological progress at the same time as avoiding becoming overly reliant, as this may separate certain consumer markets (i.e. the elderly) who dont feel contented using such technology. 1.1.5 Environmental/Ethical: New legislation is being implemented every year. Due to tighter environmental rule the operational costs may increase each year for the company. Hence, BA should be aware of both Noise pollution controls, and energy consumption controls. Due to limited land and for growing airports expansion is difficult. Further expansion at Heathrow is difficult as it may affect the Londons agricultural area. Due to this the company should concentrate on limited capacity aircraft and effective utilization of capacity. Failure to implement an incorporated environmental strategy could lead to an unfavourable effect on the BAs reputation and income. Cancellations of flights and loss of baggage, such ethical issues could have a negative effect on reputation if left unsettled 1.1.6 Legal: Limitations on mergers will have an impact on BAs proposed alliance with American Airlines. Recognition of trade unions and industrial action e.g. Cabin Crew strikes are necessary if the company has to withstand in the global market. Good employee relations are essential if BA wants to avoid industrial action and interrupted operations. Open Skies Agreement is a colossal opportunity for BA and its competitors to freely transport aircraft between the EU and US. 1.2 Porters Five Forces: It is imperative to analyze the competitive nature of the airline industry to measure the position of BA. The Five Forces tool will be facilitate BA to make strategic decisions in order to increase the effectiveness. 1.2.1 Competitive rivalry: BA provides frills for both long haul and short haul flights. Within long haul there is a little isolation between the BA and their other competitors, in terms of price and service contribution. The short haul market is more uneven with many small competitors. Strengthening of competitors has increased the competition. Direct competitive rivalry is severe, e.g. Virgin Atlantic has a website opposing the proposed strategic coalition of BA and AA. Hence it is found that BA does not suffer in its sector due to its competitors. 1.2.2 Power of Suppliers: BA is benefited by a high bargaining power since there are two aircraft manufacturers. The sole supplier of fuel to the airport is being permanently stopped by the company. The existing users get the top priority in landing slots according to their historic rights. Trade unions help BAs employees by providing them collective bargaining, in order to increase their bargaining power. Hence the power of suppliers does not affect the BAs efficiency in the means of its suppliers. 1.2.3 Power of Buyers: The company is found to be more concentrated on its suppliers than the buyers. This is because they have a very little bargaining power. Enhanced usage of internet has enlarged the awareness and interface between the customers. 1.2.4 Threat of New Entrants: High environment regularity requirements and high capital cost requirements are the new main barriers to the company. The failure of new airline companies such as XL and Zoom is likely to discourage new entrants 1.2.5 Threat of Substitutes: There are a few direct substitutes for short haul flights such as euro star and ferries. No notable substitutes can be found for long haul flights. 2. Internal Analysis: It is now important to analyse the internal environment in order to create the suitable strategies. 2.1 Resources and Core Competences: It is derived that a companys competitive advantage and superior performance is calculated from its independent capabilities. The resource based view emphasizing BAs resources and competencies is summarized below. 2.1.1 Resources: The company runs 245 aircrafts covering over 550 destinations. Additional services such as BA Holidays The London Eye Company, has been a fruitful resources for the company. The company is well equipped with an International Customer Database which helps them to keep track on the latest customer information. Partnerships Alliances with one world including American Airlines, increase the companys wealth against the resources. Sole access to LHRs Terminal 5 is a huge boon to the companys brand image. BA is renowned globally as a reputable brand, resistant by its long-lasting survival within the Industry 2.1.2 Competences: The company has its own training of ground school, flight simulators, and cabin safety training which holds the favourable part in its core competences. The company holds the capability to fly and handle passengers safely on different routes (Open Skies). Their subsidiarys aircraft never have more than 64 passengers per flight, with one flight attendant per twelve customers. They also hold the name as the first UK airline known as a training centre by the City Guilds, educating all cabin crew with NVQ Level 2. 2.2 SWOT Analysis: 2.2.1 Strengths British Airways is a well-reputed brand name that has achieved constancy and conviction from its customers. Modern culture enables BA to take full benefit of technological developments such as, online sales, in house check in. BA has a worldwide geographic exposure with excellent communication with strong international coalitions. 2.2.2 Weaknesses BA has however to have recovered from events such as the Iraq war, the 2001 and 2005 terrorist attacks because of its dependence on international air travel. But the hazard still remains. BA continues to have enormous debts. Recent job cuts may have a harmful effect on BA as in the past this frugality effect has resulted in understaffing and industrial exploit in 2004 and 2005. 2.2.3 Opportunities The increase of internet usage worldwide is likely to further expand BAs online customer base Value-added and pioneering flight services such as sleeper services, will attract more customers as customer prospects are heaving. The current UK government hassles Heathrow as a worldwide gateway and proposes a third short runway and sixth terminal be opened by 2020, which will also promote BAs brand image. 2.2.4 Threats Low-cost airlines continue to benefit from strong growth and power in the market and new entrants and the probability of them being issued with long-haul licenses could create a further hazard to BAs market share. The continuing increase and variation in fuel prices may threaten them with regards to not attaining a profit margin of at least 10%. Customers are still vigilant of the threat of repeated terrorist attacks. With the increase of rivalry in the low-cost airline market, more companies may focus their strategy on high eminence and hence increase the direct opposition for BA. 3. Analysis of Strategic Options: Based on the scrutiny performed the five most viable strategic options will now be measured further in terms of aptness, adequacy and viability 3.1 Strategic Option 1 Development to People procedures: The study highlighted the most recent negative attention both internally and externally. The Resource Based View and SWOT are identified as BAs public condemnation for poor customer service and impediment management and disapprovals following a number of unhelpfully handled employment associated cases. A people progression strategy may reconstruct brand image and stakeholders self-assurance. 3.1.1 Aptness: Looking at the current economic environment, unemployment is increasing. Therefore, the hazard of industrial action and acquiescence are less possible at this time. BAs current strategies are to stimulate, employ, support and develop employees, together with recuperating baggage handling and delay management. Enhancement in internet usage, with more consumers and self-governing services reconsidering and contributing feedback. Better customer relations may improve such systems. 3.1.2 Adequacy Staffs and consumers are expected to invest high interest into the growth of their relations with the organization due to the negative past experiences. Skytrax emphasizes that customer relations is an important measure for consumers when selecting airlines, increasing the prospective of high profits. 3.1.3 Viability The Resource Based View shows an global consumer database. Admittance to such information could help BA in market research and customer relationship development based on conclusion. The industry and organization is highly combined, and are likely to increase support from this exterior body when strategically increasing employee relations. 3.2 Strategic Option 2 Enhanced Environmental Position. As recognized within the PESTEL analysis, environmental concerns are becoming increasingly important. An involuntary strategy as a result could be suitable to construct an improved environmental place and go beyond the requirements of parameters such as the climate change. 3.2.1 APTNESS BA profits from a resonance brand image which would be further imposed by this strategy. This would make sure that BA remains a strong global contender by making sure they are meeting changes in socio-economic actions. Customers are becoming more environmental responsive and this strategy would at least make certain that BAs market share is not negotiated if competitors go in a parallel direction. 3.2.2 ADEQUACY Changes in customer choices point out a sharp anxiety for the environment. Therefore this strategy is short risk, especially when attached with a low scale of uncertainty. In addition, this strategy will make sure that BA is recognizing and meeting customer demands. As the necessities of environmental rules are repeatedly increasing, it would be valuable for BA to be the first hauler in the industry and make changes prior to any of its competitors. 3.2.3 VIABILITY Assets may be better engaged elsewhere, as spending in environmental strategy may not increase profits. BA must be certain that it will be able to successfully follow such a strategy as if it would not succeed it would be open to public enquiry which could break its current strong brand image. 3.3 Strategic Option 3 Enhanced Technological Position. The technological capabilities of an airline is increasingly disturbing consumer choice of airlines, from both holiday and business fliers. Better development of the in-flight services will improve their overall service, increasing long-standing profits. 3.3.1 APTNESS The in-flight entertainment amenities need to be greatly enhanced and become more consistent. This will guide to a long-term development in the number of passengers. Many of BAs major competitors are beginning to bring in basic internet facilities on selected flights. Therefore it is in its importance to keep up with the rivalry and surpass it by bringing in internet access on all flights. BA is at present on a service of one flight from London City Airport to JFK, New York. BA also needs to contend with other modes of travel, which already have internet capabilities. By applying the strategy, BA can refresh its image even as maintaining conventional principles. 3.3.2 ADEQUACY Wide-range testing has found the internet connection to be consistent, with loss of connection only taking place for a couple of seconds during unfavorable weather conditions. Project accomplishment takes only 3 days per plane. 3.3.3 VIABILITY Possession of the operations is less expensive and more dependable than the Abandoned Connexion service offered by Boeing. BA has a sagging resource in the technology section needed to apply this strategy. BA must implement this technology first time effectively otherwise, it will receive serious denigration and could mess up its long-standing image 4. Conclusions and Recommendations: On the examining the strategic options it has been determined that before growth strategies are followed BA should concentrate on protecting its current market place and attaining elementary service class. Based on this the people progressions and technological development strategies are believed most suitable for performance. British Airways remains vigilantly hopeful about its future prospects. However, it is sure that significantly more work lies further on if the airline is to accomplish their goals. The FSAS plan integrated by BA resulted in substantial cost savings, and also raised funds to repay debts. The objective of the FSAS plan was to achieve a 10% functioning margin and hence more recent cost cuts and job losses have been made by the CEO in order to achieve this. In air travel, the fact of success or failure depends on peripheral factors, with BA suffering badly in the consequences of the 2001 and 2005 terrorist attacks, the war in Iraq and the worldwide economic slowdown. However, the one most important external factor is the cost of fuel. Fuel costs are continuing to rise and this is likely to both corrode income and hoist prices for BA. Rising prices could rest BA in a detrimental position, particularly given the continued fame of low cost airlines. The CEO must understand that the important growth area for BA is likely to be in value-added services. In some parts, BA found that it could improve consumers experience while deducting costs, such as in its rising up of online sales. Other value-added services are likely to see mid-priced flights being improved, as air travel persists to become more competitive. On the whole, BA must continue to endeavour to reduce costs and improve customers and employee fulfilment.