Leaving The Eu Essay - 774 Words

On June 24, 2016, a referendum was passed that resulted in Great Britain’s withdrawal from the European Union. The decision to exit the EU was a controversial and has significantly affected current social, political, and economic constructs on a local and global scale. Given the importance of this decision, one would expect in depth, professional media coverage; however, this would not be the case from the UK news company, Daily Mail. Following a meeting between the First Minister of Scotland and the British Prime Minister, both of whom are females, the Daily Mail ran a cover titled, â€Å"Never mind Brexit, who won Legs-it!†. Next to the title was a picture of the two diplomats sitting next to each other during their meeting, both dressed in†¦show more content†¦The media response that bombardment of Daily Mail, however appropriate and necessary it was, distracted citizens from the real political conversation that should have taken place following the meeting. Daily Mail not only diverted the public’s attention away from topics that concern their own interest, but simultaneously insulted Nicola Sturgeon and Theresa May. The Daily Mail did not portray the two women as respected dignitaries, or intellectual leaders. Instead, they defined the two women by the lower halves of their bodies, and told the public to ignore the women’s conversation. By doing so, the Daily Mail blatantly objectified Nicola Sturgeon and Theresa May, stripping away their right to speak on important topics. Nicola Sturgeon responded to the publications by stating that the Daily Mail was â€Å"taking Britain back to the 1970’s†. Nicola Sturgeon’s position has First Minister of Scotland exemplifies how effective feminist movements in the past have been, yet the Daily Mails actions and her comment illustrates how necessary feminist movements still are today. The dismissal of the women’s political conversation is similar to the dismissal that the women in Trifles, a play written by Susan Glaspell in the early 20th century, experienced. During the play, the men are attempting to solve a murder case, and value their wives’ help very little, and often demean the women’s conversations withoutShow MoreRelatedShort Essay On Leaving The EU764 Words   |  4 Pages Czech Republic was very optimistic. Optimistic in the hopes myself and the other nations within the European Union, would be able to successfully go through the pressing issues, and hopefully resolve some of them. However, leaving at the end of class I realized, that the EU was going to need some more time. Going into the debates on the second day I was still optimistic that something would get done. Again however that was not the case. Numerous talks were addressed but nothing finalized. LeadingRead MoreWhy The Eu Is The Right Thing?1296 Words   |  6 PagesEuropean Union or leave it. 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Since its creation, peace has been maintained and outbreak of a war has been prevented. The Lisbon Treaty came into effect in 2009 and wasRead MoreBritains Economic Consequences Of The British Exit From The European Union1595 Words   |  7 Pagesfew years, the probability that Britain may leave the EU has grown. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom David Cameron announced a referendum concerning British membership in the EU to be held on June 23. Essentially not all the changes, which may occur, can b e reduced to the question of money, since the problem has a strong political context. Still, this essay is mainly focused on economic aspects of the possible exit. Many experts regard the EU membership as generally beneficial for the UK; stillRead MoreThe Uk Should Leave The European Union1593 Words   |  7 Pages Identify and analyse the major issues that divide those in favour of the Britain’s leaving the European Union and those who oppose it. Who do you expect to be the major gainers and losers? Be sure to explain why you see them as gaining or losing, using economic reasoning. You should suggest which of these gains and losses you think are likely to be most important. Throughout this essay I am going to be exploring the current issues surrounding the decision of whether or not theRead MoreLithuania Case Study1298 Words   |  6 Pageswhich has caused the EU trouble. The current issues of the EU are ones which have forced the EU to bend, but not completely break. The issues of Brexit and the current human rights violations in Hungary are two current issues which have caused alarm across all 28 member states. Lithuania, a relatively small Baltic nation, has been a stable member state since its inception to the EU in 2004. Lithuania, along with the other Baltic States, has consistently treated to make the EU an institution of equalityRead MoreIntroduction. 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This essay will argue that although Scotland will benefit from a potentially better fiscal position, this is not a sufficient premise for Scotland’sRead MoreEuropean Union : A Political And Economics Organization891 Words   |  4 PagesUK joined to EU 1 January 1973 with Denmark and Ireland.EU provides freedom movement of people services capital with standart legislation for member countries.All of these standarts could lead to opportunities such as,free movement.competitive trading(www.europa.eu-official website of EU).According to the official website ‘The EU’s economy measured in terms of goods and services(GDP:Gross Domestic Product) is now bigger than US’s:EU GDP in 2012 (i.b.i.d).All of positive features of EU,neverthelessRead MoreThe Impact Of Brexit And Some Solutions Resolve These Issues1024 Words   |  5 PagesNegative impact of Brexit and some solutions resolve these issues Brexit is the name of the process of Britain leaving the European Union, which is the primary concern of the modern global political situation. 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Annotated Bibliography of Articles Related to Oral Feeding...

McGrath, J. (2004). State of the science: Feeding readiness in the preterm infant. Journal of Perinatal Neonatal Nursing, 18(4), 353-368. This article talks about the readiness of feeding in preterm infants and how families can be prepared for early discharge of these infants from hospitals if proper cue based feeding is done. Puckett, B., Grover, V., Sankaran, K., Holt, T. (2008). Cue-based feeding for preterm infants: a prospective trial. 25(10 ), 623-628. This article investigates on whether cue based feeding helps in the early discharge of preterm babies and how it is beneficial and helps in weight gain in relation to traditional feeding regimens. King, J., Alder, S., Kirk, A. (2007). Cue-based oral feeding clinical pathway results in earlier attainment of full oral feeding in premature infants. Journal of Perinatology, 572-578. This article is a study on the development of oral feeding in preterm infants and concludes that a benefit of cue based feeding is that it helps attain full oral feeding in pre mature babies. Thoyre, S., Shaker, C., Pridham, K. (2005). The early feeding skills assessment for preterm infants. Neonatal Network, 24(3), 7-16. This article describes the measurement of feeding skills of pre terms and how cue based feeding facilitates oral feeding skill development. McCain, G. (2005). Behavioural responses of preterm infants to a standard-care and semi- Demand feeding protocol. This article deals with the benefits of cue

Oscar Wilds Personality In Different Characters English Literature Essay Free Essays

The Reflections of Oscar Wild ‘s Personality in Different Fictional characters: Oscar Wild as a individual drew a great trade of attending with his decisive assessments of the society and aestheticism. As an writer, Wild has written assorted dramas, such as Salome, An Ideal Husband, and The Sphinx among others. However, in his full calling as an writer, Wilde published merely a individual novel The Picture of Dorain Gray and used it to exemplify his ain personality. We will write a custom essay sample on Oscar Wilds Personality In Different Characters English Literature Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The novel has been labeled a book of love, pleasance, orgy, corruptness of artlessness and above all insanity. The novel is based on Dorain Gray as the chief character ; it revolves around his psyche, the reverberations of his picks, and his ultimate and ill-timed decease. Wilde was a talented aesthete, overpoweringly affected by beauty and inconspicuously subscribed to flamboyant dressing and criterions of life ( Ellman, 136 ) . The subjects in the novel incited intense indignation from several modern-day referees. Wilde ‘s response to the unfavorable judgment was that all work forces saw their ain wickednesss in Dorain Gray. Alongside the chief Dorain Gray, there are other chief characters Basil Hallward and Lord Henry who are used in portraying the writer ‘s character. The two characters are utile in exposing the writer ‘s love for beauty and juvenility ( Mantoine, 101 ) . Based on the brilliant creative person ‘s picture of a handsome and vernal Dorain Gray by Basil Hallward ; Gray finds peace of bosom from the vernal artlessness in the picture. However, Gray ‘s peace is shattered when he realizes that the beauty and juvenility in the picture is merely an semblance. The picture will merely go a jeer of his vernal old ages one time his face is adorned with old-age furrows. Dorain wish is that the picture could acquire older instead than him acquiring older. Though Dorain has the visual aspect of an angel, his psyche is every bit corrupted as the Satan. This portrays Dorain ‘s corrupt character ; the seeable character of his aging self tortures him infinitely. In his way to happen peace, Dorain is determined to seek anything that will do him keep his juvenility maintained by the picture. Wilde ‘s inspirations in composing the novel are derived from assorted facets of his ain life and the corrupted infatuations of the society at the clip. The brassy Lord Henry Wotton strongly believes that human energies should be straight channeled towards prosecuting beauty and fulfilment of the senses. This is a position that is similar to a position held by Wilde on the esteem of aesthetics. In a command to keep onto his juvenility, Dorain trades his psyche, and his life style is characterized by corrupt actions. In his full life, immoral actions are portrayed through defects on the portrayal. Dorain losingss control of his psyche and engage in wickedness freely yet on the sly. He is guided by the deficiency of sense of what is right or incorrect. He commits a sequence of wickednesss that lead to the blotching of the portrayal. Without any compunction, Dorain drives his bride to perpetrate self-destruction. The corruptness of the psyche is besides impelled by the assorted wickednesss that are undertaken with opium and courtesans. At this point, Dorain is overwhelmed by choler and hatred for Basil and resorts to put to deathing him by assailing to decease. The cadaver is disposed off by runing it with chemicals that had been borrowed from Calan Campbell. Campbell is overcome by compunction and ends up perpetrating self-destruction ( Mantoine 200 ) . Dorain embarks on a reformation procedure ; he aims at altering his psyche for the better and bettering the portrayal ‘s image. He inputs legion attempts, but when they bear no fruit, he is overwhelmed by fury and ends up knifing the portrayal and seemingly killing himself. In his reappraisal of the novel, Lawler observes that it is filled with homoerotic cases ( Lawler 105 ) . This is declarative of Wilde ‘s helter-skelter and exuberant life style ; it reflects Wilde ‘s personality. The esteem of the aesthetic signifiers and attachment to beliefs and executing of the same beliefs portrays the grade of resemblance between Wilde and the fictional characters in the novel. Basil achieves his artistic art through Dorain ‘s portrayal. Unfortunately, the picture consequences in Dorain ‘s decease after he figuratively stabs the portrayal. The caput the produced the artistic portrayal is stabbed merely as Wilde ‘s aspiration for beauty that consequence in his ruin. Wilde ‘s personality is besides replicated by Lord Henry Wotton who is portrayed as a baronial adult male and a friend to Basil. Interestingly, nevertheless, Lord Dorain is attracted to Dorain ; this could connote the relationship between Wilde and Lord Alfred Doug las. Lord Henry conveys his universe position to Dorain, explicating the importance of beauty and satisfying one ‘s senses. This ends up perverting Dorain and is comparable to the actions that resulted to Wilde ‘s promiscuousness every bit good as his homosexual activities. Wilde ‘s longing for sexual satisfaction is portrayed by his relationship with Lord Douglas, this consequence in Wilde ‘s calumny and eventual down autumn. In decision, Oscar Wilde like an expert foretold his ain life through the novel. In the good constructed characters, the writer highlights his beliefs and foretells his tragic terminal. However, it is in Dorain where Wilde ‘s poetic expertness is portrayed. His ill fame was and can ne’er be compared to any other so as his humor and manner. His imaginativeness and creativeness in composing lives on ; he was so gifted and passionate about his work and he impacted on other theoretical creative persons more so after his decease. How to cite Oscar Wilds Personality In Different Characters English Literature Essay, Essay examples

Australian Economy

Questions: (a) Explain whether there is a relationship between inflation and unemployment. Should government interfere and reduce inflation and unemployment? Provide real life examples. (b)Using your home country as a case study outline and analyse inflation, unemployment and growth trends. Identify what range of the aggregate supply curve your country is operating in. (c)Explain how monetary policy can influence an economy, including the exchange rate and employment levels. Answers: A: Relationship between inflation and unemployment. Government Interference in reducing inflation and unemployment and examples: i. Relation between inflation and unemployment: Inflation stands for the rise in prices of various goods and commodities due to various factors such as increased in money supply, rising demand for goods and decreasing supply of good. This way inflations results in increase price level of goods making them dearer. Unemployment means the decrease in opportunities to earn money at the existing wage rate. This way unemployment results in declining jobs and decreasing wage rates(Atkinson Miller, 1998). The relation between inflation and unemployment as per the Philip curve is negative. That is with the rise in unemployment there is substantial fall in inflation and vice versa. This means that when people are offered jobs, they get disposable income in their hands for regular requirements. With the promotions the disposable income raises leading to more expenditure. However there may exist diminishing marginal returns to utility as the person may be earning good income earlier. The result is that people have more money in their hands and they spend extravagantly. The outcome is price hikes leading to inflation. With more employment opportunities and more disposable income available, people tend to spend more leading to inflationary effects that comes into action. This way rise in demand at present supply level leads to rise in prices causing inflation(Atkinson et al., 1998). On the other hand if their exist less disposable income with the people due to low wage rate and increased unemployment, the prices of goods will also fall down. That is decrease in demand at present supply level will result in price decline. This way unemployment leads to decreasing money movement in the market. Savings are less and people spend mostly on necessities. Result is decline in demand and therefore the inflationary affects also face a setback(Begg Ward, 2003). ii. Government interference: Government interference stands for controlling business activities. That is government makes efforts through directions and regulations to control the free market conditions, business participation and regular business activities to control economic conditions of the country. The main motive is to work for the welfare of the people. The government interference is however argued to be restricted as they may cause various problems to the economy and businesses(Atkinson Miller, 1998). Government expenditures may be made on inefficient projects. Inefficient allocation of resources can be observed. Political pressure based decisions can be made to benefit few businessmen. Market regulations can lead to low quality output. Personal freedom of the entrepreneurs can be restricted. Increase in bureaucracy. Thus the government interference should be restricted up to some extent. That is, instead of taking controls over the market, the government expenditures should be made for the public welfare processes. This includes building roads, hospitals, schools and colleges etc. With expenditures on the public utilities the government can give support to the normal living of all the citizens in the country(Butkeviciene et al., 2008). iii. Need of government interference: Government should interfere and reduce inflation and unemployment because of the following reasons. A. Interference for reducing inflation: Inflation makes even the necessities dearer making it difficult for the common people to sustain a good life. Low quality products and services is sold in the market. Stock piling takes place that further initiates the inflationary effects. Thus government should make efforts to keep a control over the pricing of essential goods. Moreover the minimum rates for the necessities will be fixed so that the businesses cannot take advantage of stock piling and lesser supply. Finally the quality assurance is fixed so that every product sold in market meets the food related guidelines and requirements(Dornsbusch, 2002). B. Interference for reducing unemployment: People are unable to get the deserving jobs. Financial status of the people downgrades. The unemployed may participate in various criminal activities and illegal activities. Thus government should invest in projects which promise to generate employment opportunities for number of people. Also the unemployed should be guided towards the job by government offices. In some countries unemployment allowance is also given so that the unemployed could at least meet their necessary requirements for living. Government should interfere and reduce inflation and unemployment because of the following reasons(Lash Urry, 1994). iv. Examples of government interference: It has been proved at various times that the government intervention is a disguised blessings for the economy and its citizens. During the first economic slowdown in year 1929, the economies faced a set back and the governments were finding ways to bring market stimuli through application of new financial projects. The British government took the step of making rail lines so that the money movement can be started. This resulted in bringing employment opportunities for various people and hence government interference helped in bringing back the economy from complete stagflation phase(Layton Robinson, 2014). Various other examples of government interference helping us in the present day world include the followings. Fixing minimum level of wages to offer people with the minimum earnings from their hard work. Establishing minimum standards of nutrition and health care in the production of FMCG or Fast Moving Consumer Goods. Displaying of warnings of the disease or issues that cigarettes and other tobacco products may lead the consumer to. Control over the broadcasts on television, radio and movies so that parental controls and proper guidance can be given to the viewers about the contents. Making advertisements through various mediums to inform people about the various safety and health care projects that are made for public welfare. Regulations and restrictions are administered at public places so that the common interest of the general public can be safeguarded. Control over business activities in causing harm to the environment and people living in the area through regulations. B. Analyze inflation, unemployment and growth trend in Australia. Identifying range of aggregate supply curve in Australia: i. Unemployment rate in Australia: The unemployment rate has declined in Australia in December 2014 to 6.10 percent as against 6.20 in November 2014. However the overall unemployment rate is much higher as against 4 percent in February 2008. As per the data retrieved from the Australian Bureau of Statics, the following graph of Australian unemployment rate and the recent trend can be shown. (IECONOMICS, 2015) From the above diagram, we can clearly analyses that the unemployment rate is on an average of 6 percent. This trend of rise in unemployment has been observed since 2008, when the economic slowdown affected the economies around the world. ii. Inflation rate in Australia: The inflation rate has been rising but at a diminishing rate, year on year basis, in Australia in the recent years. The rate of inflation on January 2014 was 2.7 as against 1.2 on December 2012. This shows the trend of economy improvements in the country. This trend has continued to grow as the inflation rate showed consistent rise until July 2014 by reaching to 3 but again a fall has been recorded which brought it back to 2.3 in October 2014.This can be shown as below. (IECONOMICS, 2015) iii. Growth trends: The growth trends includes the imports, exports, currency rates, GDP, unemployment rate and various other factors that depicts the financial position of the country and its economic growth. The growth trend in Australia as on September 2014 is discussed as follows. Australian imports are falling to 5820 AUD million. The countrys interest rates are fixed at 2.5%. Australian exports are rising to 4932 AUD million. Australian currency is failing to continue its strength in the international markets and thus a fall of .79 has been observed. The GDP has been shooting up to 1561 billion dollars. This way an overall average growth trend is observed till date. The growth rate has improved from -0.5 in January 2011 to 1.2 in March 2014. However a steep fall has been observed later which brought it down to 0.25 until the start of October 2014(IECONOMICS, 2015). This information can be displayed as below. (IECONOMICS, 2015) This way the overall features of Australian economy can be concluded as follows. (IECONOMICS, 2015) iv. Relation between inflation, unemployment and growth: Inflation, unemployment and growth are all interconnected with each other. Inflation results in rising prices on the one side but on the other side signals the presence of good employment opportunities in the market. It confirms that people have extra disposable income which is supporting the inflationary effects in the market. This way inflation is a sign of economic growth and prosperity. However the reverse of inflation that is deflation is a sign of economic slowdown. The prices of goods and services decline when their demand declines. The demand for goods decline when people do not have extra disposable income. This mostly happens when there is no job or decline in pay scale. This way deflation shows that the economy is contracting and the unemployment level is rising which is causing the reverse of inflation. The best method to achieve high level benefit for the country is through achieving a definite level of inflation in the economy. In Australia there is a target of achieving 3% inflation based on year on year basis. The government through its yearly policies decides on market stimuli methods so that the economy can be supported by boosting the investment and hence helping movement of money in the market. Various projects and plan are developed overtime to enhance the employment opportunities and achieve a definite level of inflation in the market. This way an estimate growth is expected to be achieved over time. v. Aggregate supply curve of Australia: Aggregate supply curve consists of Gross Domestic Product or GDP related information at various price levels. The Aggregate supply for Australia consists of the following features. The GDP of Australia is recorded at 1561$ billion in year 2013. The GDP growth rate is at 0.3% recorded in quarter three of year 2014. The GDP annual growth is recorded at 2.7% in third quarter of 2014. The GDP per capita PPP of Australia was 42810 $ in year 2013. An increase of GDP has been recorded in year 2013 at 1561$ billion as against 1532$ billion in year 2012. However the annual growth rate is consistent at 2.7 in year 2014 and 2013. The GDP growth rate however has decline to 0.3 in year 2014 as against 0.5 in year 2013. This information can be displayed as below. (IECONOMICS, 2015) In addition the Gross national product is rising at 379020 AUD millions. On the other hand, the Australian Gross Fixed capital formation is falling at 103088 AUD million. The Money supply is rising at 310804 AUD million. At present the aggregate supply curve that is operating in the country is stated as below. (IECONOMICS, 2015) vi. Range of supply curve Australia is operating: A. Short Run Aggregate Supply curve: The aggregate supply curve stands for the volume of goods and services that are actually produced in an economy at the specific price levels. The aggregate supply curve shows contraction of supply when the GDP falls and expansion when the GDP rises. This can be depicted as below. At present the Australian Economy is operating at the low level expansion of aggregate supply. This is because of adverse effects of the global slowdown that the economy even after various economic boosts and government policies is not able to improve its present economic conditions and achieve sustainable economic growth. B. Long Run Aggregate Supply Curve: The long run aggregate supply curve changes when there is a natural growth of output that affects the supply. The various factors that affect change in the long run aggregate supply curve include increased productivity, improvement in efficient, enhanced output, increase in stock etc. The shift in the Long run Aggregate supply curve takes places as follows. This way an increase in long run supply curve results in increase in Real National Income and vice versa. (Perloff, 2001) C: Monetary Policy and its influence on economy, exchange rate and employment levels: i. Monetary Policy and its influence on economy: The monetary policy actually consists of government policy and influence towards the movement and use of funds by the various financial organizations. The financial organizations are banks and other agencies that offer credit to the people at a specified rate. Through monetary the interest rates that has been charged on the loan applier is fixed. Thus efforts are made to give a fair deal and terms of taking loan that is offered to the public. On the other hand, the investors who deposit their money in the banks are also offered interest so that they get minimal return on their investment. A percentage difference is set between the interest charged from loan applicants and the interest disbursed to the investors so that the banks can earn profits and manage their administrative expenditures accordingly(Marrewijk, 2007). This way an effort is made to control the supply of money in the market. That is with the excess supply of money the disposable income with the public increases and that will result increasing expenditures and leading to inflation. On the other hand if the supply of money decreases the demand for goods declines and thus declines the inflation making the goods available at low prices(Marrewijk, 2007). ii. Monetary Policy and exchange rate: The exchange rate is actually the international market rate of currency which is fixed by the market forces. At this price the currency is exchanged in the foreign market. The monetary policy affects the exchange rate. Actually the monetary policy can reduce interest rates and this results in making easy available of capital in the market. Thus the domestic financial and capital assets including bonds, real estates and stock becomes less attractive. This will certainly affect the rate of returns on foreign investment. The final outcome will be that the foreign investors will sell out their share and will not demand for that particular currency for future investment. This way the exchange rate of the currency will fall due to the interest declining steps taken through the monetary policy. The domestic investors also will start looking toward international boundaries for future investment and thus will decline the investment in the country. Overall the demand for the currency will fall which will adversely affect the currency exchange rate. On the other hand when the interest rate raises the domestic financial and capital assets become dearer thereby increasing the value of investments of foreign investors. Thus they can demand more currency for investment which will result in increasing foreign exchange price of that country(Mahadevan, 2004). The outcome of the faulty monetary policy on the foreign exchange rate can be identified as follows. Decrease in currency exchange rate. Lack of investment in the country. Decline in growth rate. Devaluation of the currency in the foreign market. Decrease demand of currency in international targets. Balance of trade will get adverse. (Layton Robinson, 2014) iii. Monetary Policy and employment levels: Employment levels stands for the numbers of deserving candidates getting jobs. The employment level is affected by the monetary policy as well. With the fall in the interest rates the availability of funds to the public will increase. This will result in increasing investment in the economy that will automatically produce more employment opportunities as the factors of production will be deployed for the production purpose including labor. Thus the people who participate in the production process will get employment and earn good income. People will save less and invest more to create new business opportunities. On the other hand if the interest rates increase than the funds available at loan will get dearer. There will be lesser entrepreneurial spirit and investment that can be observed in the economy. People will save more in the banks as the returns from investment are higher and safe than investing them in capital market. There will no investment or business set up leading to no employment opportunities and increasing unemployment levels(Atkinson et al., 1998). The outcome of faulty monetary policy on employment will be as follows. Increase in unemployment level. People will be forced to work on jobs below their capabilities. Wage rate will decline and people will have to accept jobs at low pay scale. Increase in criminal and illegal activities. People will immigrate in other countries in search of jobs. Tension will prevail with the immigrants who offer their services at low pay. (Dornsbusch, 2002) This way the monetary policy is the backbone of every economy. A faulty monetary policy can lead to huge loss to the economy. On the other hand, the correct monetary policy can help in achieving various high level gains and profits to the economy. Therefore there is a need to develop a monetary policy that could benefit the nation and its citizens as well. Bibliography Atkinson, B., Livesey, F. Milward, B., 1998. Applied Economics. London: MacMillan. Atkinson, B. Miller, R., 1998. Business Economics. Harlow: Princeton Hall. Begg, D. Ward, D., 2003. Economics for Business. New York: McGraw-Hill. Butkeviciene, V.J., Stravinskiene Rutelione, A., 2008. Impact of consumer package communication on consumer decision making process. Incinerate Economical-Engineering Economics, 1, pp.57-65. Daly, H., 2008. Ecological Economics and Sustainable Development. Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. Dornsbusch, R., 2002. Macroeconomics. Sydney: McGraw Hill. Harris, N., 2001. Business Economics theory and Application. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinmann. IECONOMICS, 2015. Australian Economy. [Online] Available at: https://ieconomics.com/australian-economy [Accessed 23 January 2015]. Lash, S. Urry, J., 1994. Economics of signs and space. London: Sage publications. Layton, A. Robinson, T., 2014. Economics for Today. 4th ed. Harlow: Princeton Hall. Mahadevan, R., 2004. the Economics of Productivity in Asia and Australia. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Marrewijk, C.V., 2007. Absolute advantage. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Perloff, J., 2001. Microeconomics. 2nd ed. New York: Addison Wesley Longman. Yuen, A., Basso, L.J. Zhang, A., 2008. Effects of gateway congestion pricing on optimal road pricing and hinterland. Journal of transport economics and policy., 42(3), pp.495-526.